THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


.,-.-. 
DAL: 


LAWYER 


of 


COMPLETE  GUIDE 


TO   THE    ACQUISITION   OF 


if  nun's   JJbonotic  :; 


BY  ELI  AS   LOXCLEY. 


(9; 


CINCIXXATI:  X 

ELI  AS  LOXGLEY,  IMIONKTK!  ITIJLIgHEB. 

XKW  YORK: 

D.  L.  SCOTT-BROWNK,  7:17  IJROADWAY. 
1877. 


^- 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1S77, 

BY  ELIAS  LONGLEY, 
In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,  B.C. 





IN  preparing  this  Manual  of  Phonetic  Shorthand,  the 
author  has  had  one  leading  object  in  view,  namely:  to  fur- 
nish a  means  for  acquiring  speedily  a  correct  and  practical 
knowledge  of  the  much  coveted  art.  The  books  that  have 
heretofore  been  used  have  all  answered  a  good  purpose;  but 
they  have,  with  one  exception  probably,  been  rendered  com- 
paratively obsolete  by  the  introduction  into  the  system  of  two 
or  three  important  improvements.  These  are  incorporated 
into  the  present  work,  by  which  it  is  rendered  a  reliable  and 
permanent  text-book. 

In  one  important  particular  this  treatise  differs  from  all 
others  heretofore  published;  namely,  the  exercises  to'  be 
written  by  the  pupil  are  printed  in  phonetic  spelling.*-  By 
this  arrangement  three  important  advantages  are  gained: 
First:  the  learner  will  be  made  acquainted  with  the  philoso- 
phy and  utility  of  phonetic  spelling  as  applied  to  printing, 
and  will  generally  be  so  well  pleased  with  it  as  to  become  its 
ardent  advocate.  Second;  in  writing  his  exercises  the  pupil 
will  be  enabled  to  transcribe  the  words  into  Phonography 
more  readily,  for  learners  are  very  apt  to  be  troubled  by  try- 
ing to  get  as  many  letters  into  their  phonographic  words  as 
the  old  spoiling  contains,  and  thus  make  blunders;  and,  from 
inexperience  in  the  analysis  of  words,  there  is  great  liability 
of  inaccurate  vocalization;  but  by  writing  from  the  words 
printed  phonetically  both  of  these  difficulties  will  be  avoided. 
Third:  the  familiarity  with  Phonotypy  thus  acquired  will  also 

*An  edit  ion  is  also  printed,  in  which  the  exercises  to  bo  written  are  ir. 
tin*  common  spelling,  for  the  accommodation  i;t'  such  persons  as  do  not 
wish  to  give  any  attention  to  pUon.>'V|iy.  That  will  be  designated  in 
the  T'liint'ii'-  edition:  this  as  tb.-  vkm  in  >i<-,  which  will  always,  be  sent, 
in  lillin.;  orders,  unless  the  other  is  specified. 


449586 


IV  PREPACK. 


be  of  service  to  the  phonographic  student  hereafter,  in  ena- 
bling him  to  read  with  ease  such  phonetic  books  and  papers 
as  he  may  meet  with  elsewhere. 

In  support  of  the  utility  of  this  feature  we  might  give  the 
testimony  of  scores  of  phonographic  teachers  and  hundreds 
of  private  learners;  but  the  following  from  Henry  M.  Park- 
hurst,  the  distinguished  Congressional  Reporter,  will  suffice 
here:  "One  phonographer  thoroughly  imbued  with  the  spirit 
of  the  Spelling  Reform,  is  worth  more  than  a  dozen  who 
have  merely  taken  a  course  of  lessons.  Indeed,  I  rather 
think  there  is  more  hope  of  a  man  who  has  never  heard  of 
Phonography,  than  of  one  who  has  learned  it  without  learn- 
ing Phonotypy." 

Another  leading  feature  is  such  an  arrangement  of  the  les- 
sons that  no  word,  or  class  of  words,  is  required  to  be  written 
until  the  principle  has  been  explained  by  which  they  are 
written  in  their  most  approved  forms.  By  this  means,  the 
student  is  not  compelled  to  spend  his  time  in  learning  to 
write  certain  words,  and  then  suffer  the  discouragement  of 
having  to  drop  and  forget  the  forms  thus  learned,  and  famil- 
iarize himself  with  new  and  better  ones.  What  is  once 
learned  in  this  book,  remains  a  fixed  fact  with  the  pupil  in  all 
his  after  use  of  the  system.  There  are  hundreds  of  persons, 
who,  having  studied  Phonography  through  what  was  called 
the  "  learner's  style,"  have  not  yet  been  able  to  drop  it  and 
adopt  the  advanced  and  more  practical  style  of  writing;  but 
they  will  have  to  do  it  before  they  can  be  recognized  as  good 
phonographic  writers;  and  the  unlearning  of  their  present 
lengthy  and  awkward  forms  for  words,  added  to  the  new  forms 
they  must  learn,  is  fully  equal  to  learning  the  system  from 
the  beginning. 

In  consequence  of  this  progressive  arrangement,  the  exer- 
cises to  be  written  necessarily  possess  an  imperfect  style  of 
composition.  And  the  words  in  each  exercise  being  confined 
as  much  as  possible  to  the  illustration  of  the  principle  just 
introduced,  renders  necessary  a  resort  to  many  circuitous  ex- 


PREFACK.  V 

pressions  for  the  development  of  an  idea;  this  harshness  and 
quaintness,  however,  diminishes  as  successive  lessons  are 
mastered. 

The  Review  at  the  close  of  each  lesson  is  a  new  feature, 
and  will  be  of  great  assistance  to  the  teacher,  especially  to 
the  inexperienced,  in  questioning  his  class  as  to  what  they 
have  gone  over;  it  wi'l  also  be  useful  to  the  private  learner, 
filling  the  place,  almost,  of  an  oral  instructor.  The  questions 
may  be  asked  the  class  either  collectively  or  individually;  the 
latter  is  general ly  the  better  way.  It  would  be  well,  as  often 
as  convenient,  to  have  the  pupils  illustrate  their  answers  on 
the  black-board. 

Immediately  following  the  explanation  of  each  new  prin- 
ciple is  a  Reading  Exercise,  embracing,  as  much  as  possible, 
words  illustrative  of  the  preceding  text.  This  is  followed  by 
an  Exercise  for  Writing,  which  should  be  written  before  pro- 
gressing further,  while  the  manner  in  which  the  words  are  to 
be  formed  are  fresh  in  the  mind.  Then,  at  the  close  of  each 
;i,  is  a  general  Writing  Exercise,  embodying,  beside  the 
principles  just  presented,  all  that  has  previously  been  learned. 
This  should  be  written  by  each  pupil,  during  the  interval  be- 
tween the  meetings  of  the  class;  and  at  the  next  recitation, 
the  pupils  should  exchange  their  manuscripts  with  each 
other,  and  then  read,  each  a  sentence  in  turn,  from  their 
written  exercises.  They  might  then  be  passed  to  the  teacher 
for  his  correction. 

The  author  would  acknowledge  his   indebtedness  to  the 
.•roj/Ji/c  Class-look  of  AXRREWS  &  BOYLE,  the  first   text- 
book of  the  system  published  in  America,  for  many  of  hia 
most  appropriate  illustrations;  and  to  the  Plumographic  In- 
.  by  JAMES  C.  BOOTHE,  the  more  recent  work  generally 
used,  for  numerous  sentences,  and;  in  a  few  cases,  whole  par- 
agraphs of  exercises  for  reading  and  writing. 

For  the  expression  of  some  of  the  following  "Advantages 
of  Phonography,"  he  is  indebted  to  Prof.  Gouraud,  the  author 
of  a  work  but  little  known,  entitled  "Cosmo-Phonography." 


PHONOGRAPHY  has  been  defined  as  a  philosophical  method 
of  writing  the  English  language,  with  an  alphabet  composed 
of  the  simplest  geometrical  signs,  which  accurately  represent 
the  sounds  of  spoken  words.  It  may  be  written  six  times  as 
fast  as  the  ordinary  longhand,  and  is  equally  legible.  Aside 
from  the  scientific  propriety  of  the  system,  as  made  manifest 
in  the  Introduction  which  follows,  the  following  practical 
advantnges  are  worthy  of  consideration: 

1.  To  professors  of  scientific   and  literary  institutions — to 
gentlemen  of  the  bench  or  the  bar — to  legislators  in  the  halls 
of  representation — to  ministers  of  religion — to   lecturers  on 
the  various  arts  and  sciences — it  presents  the  most  invalu- 
able aid,  in  enabling  them  to  arrange,  condense,  and  fix  their 
thoughts,  facts,  arguments  and  proofs,  in  the  briefest  period 
of  time  and  the  shortest  possible  space,  presenting,  in  the 
condensed  schedule  of  a.  s-mallpage,  a  full  and  complete  syn- 
opsis of  their  most  elaborate  speeches,  orations,  or  discourses. 

2.  By  its  aid,  the  advocates  in  the  courts  of  justice  or  the 
halls  of  trial,  will  be  enabled  to  write,  with  ease  and  accu- 
racy, either  the  full  depositions  of  important  witnesses,  or  the 
facts,  proofs,  evidences,  and  arguments   of  legal  opponents, 
and  thus  be  in  a  position,  not  only  to  meet  them  with  readi- 
ness and  strength,  but  eventually   to   thoroughly  overthrow 
and  refute  them. 

3.  The  student  in  the  halls  of  science  can  transcribe  with 
faithfulness,  and  preserve  in  the  smallest  compass,  the  valu- 
able lessons  of  professors,  and  thus  preserve,  for  the  medita- 
tion of  his  leisure  hours,  a  connected  whole,  instead  of  broken, 
detached,  and  uncertain  fragments,  that  often  serve  to  con- 
fuse, bewilder,  or  perplex. 

4.  Merchants,  and  clerks  of  mercantile  houses,  to  whom 
tims  and  space  are  really  a  desideratum,  will  find  Phonography 
a  n.ost  invaluable  auxiliary;  as  the  ease  wkh  which  it  can 


ADVANTAIIKS    (iF    IMI<>\<  KiKA  I'll  Y.  Vll 

be  learned  and  acquired,  and  the  facility  and  readiness  with 
which  it  can  be  *rr>v/<  and  read,  will  enable  them  to  tran- 
scribe their  accounts,  to  note  their  memoranda,  <o  post  up 
their  bills,  and  even  to  conduct  their  correspondence,  in  less 
than  one-fifth  of  the  ordinary  time,  and  in  a  considerable  re- 
duction of  the  ordinary  space;  and  as  "  time  is  money"  it 
presents  to  them  indeed  a  most  invaluable  gain. 

5.  To  the  author,  editor,  or  general  writer — to  the  orator, 
legislator,  or  minister — how  invaluable  must  it  be,  when  they 
reflect  how  many  of  their  most  brilliant  thoughts  and  most 
gicwing  conceptions,  how  many  of  the  most  sparkling  gems 
of  their  imaginations  and  the  most  radiant  pearls  of  their 
thoughts,  that  in  moments  of  genius  and  enthusiasm  flash 
like  electric  sparks  from  the  mind,  are  forever  lost  for  the 
want  of  some  Daguerrean  process,  like  the  one  we  present, 
to  catch  and  transfix  them  on  the  wing,  recording  them  on 
the  glowing  page  in  all  the  freshness,  vigor,  and  brilliancy  of 
their  first  conception,  as  rapidly  as  they  are  presented  to  the 
mind'  and  for  the  lack  of  which,  alas!  like  the  dazzling  flash 
of  the  evanescent  meteor,  they  fade  and  expire  as  rapidly  as 
they  are  kindled,  and  leave  but  the  indistinct  memory  of  their 
trace  behind. 

0.  A  practical  acquaintance  with  this  art  is  highly  favor- 
able to  the  improvement  of  the  mind,  invigorating  all  its  fac- 
ulties, and  drawing  forth  all  its  resources.  The  close  atten- 
tion requisite  in  following  the  voice  of  the  speaker  (in  report- 
ing) induces  habits  of  patience,  perseverance  and  watchful- 
ness, which  will  gradually  extend,  till  they  form  habits  that 
will  be  found  useful  through  life.  The  close  attention  to  the 
words  and  thoughts  of  the  speaker  which  is  necessary  in 
writing  them  down,  will  naturally  have  a  tendency  to  endue 
the  mind  with  quickness  of  apprehension  and  distinctness  of 
perception,  whereby  the  judgment  will  be  strengthened  and 
the  taste  refined. 

7.  The  memory  is  also  improved  by  the  practice  of  Pho- 
nography. The  necessity  fur  the  writer  to  retain  in  his 


ADVANTAGES   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


mind  the  last  sentence  of  the  speaker,  while  he  is  attending 
at  the  same  time  to  what  follows,  and  also  to  penning  down 
his  words,  must  be  highly  beneficial  to  that  faculty,  which  is 
more  than  any  other  improved  by  exercise.  It  draws  out 
anJ  improves  all  the  faculties  of  the  mind. 

"Phonography,"  says  Messrs.  FOWLERS  &  WELLS,  "we  re- 
gard as  one  of  the  most  important  inventions  of  the  age,  and 
one  which  should  be  open  to  every  person  desirous  of  being 
considered  educated.  As  a  system  of  reporting,  general  cor- 
respondence, and  memoranda,  it  is  unparalleled  in  usefulness. 
In  chirography,  it  is  what  the  telegraphs  are  in  agencies  for 
transmitting  thought.  We  employ  three  reporters,  one  in 
our  office  and  two  who  travel  with  lecturers  from  our  house. 
In  ten  minutes  we  can  dictate  an  article  for  publication  which 
we  could  not  compose  and  write  in  two  hours;  besides  it  con- 
tains more  spirit  and  freshness  than  if  labored  through  at  the 
slow  pace  of  ordinary  composition.  Every  scholar  should  by 
all  means  learn  it." 

Professor  HART,  Principal  of  the  Philadelphia  High  School, 
says:  "  Phonography  has  been  introduced  into  this  institu- 
tion two  years  and  a  half,  and  has  been  learned  by  about 
four  hundred.  Two  hundred  are  studying  it  now.  It  is  one 
of  the  regular  branches  of  the  course,  being  attended  to  three 
times  a  week  during  the  whole  of  the  first  year.  Had  T  not 
supposed  it  to  be  of  much  practical  value,  I  should  not  have 
urged  its  introduction,  a  measure  \vhich  I  have  seen  no  occa- 
sion to  regret.  Such  of  our  students  as  have  made  Phono- 
graphic Reporting  a  profession,  have  got  along  in  life  faster, 
by  all  odds,  than  those  in  any  other  kind  of  business,  and 
that  without  the  possession  of  any  special  brilliancy  of  tal- 
ents. Some  of  them,  not  yet  turned  twenty,  are  now  mak- 
ing more  money  by  Phonographic  Reporting  than  the  Princi- 
pal of  the  High  School,  after  having  given  himself  for  more 
than  twenty  years  to  his  profession." 

Said  the  Hon.  Thomas  Benton:  "  Had  this  art  been  known 
forty  years  ago,  it  would  have  saved  me  twenty  years  of 
hard  labor." 

"It  is  my  humble  opinion  tiiat  it  will  eventually  supersede 
the  present  system  of  writing,  as  the  steam  carriage  train 
supersedes  the  old  eight  inch  wheeled  wagon." — Rev.  Duribar. 

Such  are  the  tendencies  of  the  art  this  book  is  designed  to 
unfold. 


intrabttction. 


progress  of  3finprobr.mr.nt.  —  Within  the  last  hundred 
years  important  changes  have  taken  place  in  almost  every 
department  of  industry.  The  mechanic  no  longer  seeks  the 
swiftly  running  stream  to  propel  his  machinery,  but  erects 
his  mill  or  factory  on  ground  the  most  convenient  for  labor 
or  for  market,  and  brings  the  elements  into  subjection  for  the 
performance  of  his  drudgery;  the  stage-coach  horse- power, 
for  locomotion,  is  almost  forgotten  in  consideration  of  the 
iron-boned  steed  hitched  to  the  enormous  wheeled-palace  ; 
the  sea-voyage  of  weary  months  is  now  performed  pleasantly 
in  as  many  weeks,  by  the  application  of  steam  to  navigation; 
and  the  man  of  business  no  longer  waits  the  rapid  trans- 
mission of  thought  by  su<-h  conveyance,  but  communicates 
through  the  length  and  breadth  of  our  wide-spreading  coun- 
try with  lightning  speed. 

Thus  the  genius  of  invention  and  improvement  has  been 
abroad  in  the  land,  and  although  for  a  long  time  she  confined 
her  skill  to  building  steamboats  and  making  railroads,  con- 
structing machinery  and  teaching  the  lightning  how  to  talk, 
she  has  not  altogether  forgotten  the  world  of  intellect;  and 
PHONOGRAPHY,  her  last,  most  promising  and  beneficent  boon, 
presents  to  the  world  an  alphabet  of  letters  so  simple  and 
facile  that  he  who  uses  it  may  readily  keep  pace  with  the 
fastest  speaker. — affording  a  system  of  writing  as  much  supe- 
rior to  that  of  the  old  script  alphabet,  as  railroads  are  to  the 
ancient  truck-wheeled  wagon,  or  the  electric  telegraph  to  the 
post  boy's  plodding  gait. 

(9) 


10  INTRODUCTION   TO   THE 

"  Our  living  flocks  of  thoughts  need  no  longer  trudge  it 
slowly  and  wearily  down  the  pen  and  along  the  paper,  hin- 
dering each  other  as  they  struggle  through  the  strait  gate  of 
the  old-hand  writing;  our  troops  of  feelings  need  no  more 
crawl,  as  snails  crawl,  to  their  station  on  the  page;  regiment 
after  regiment  may  now  trot  briskly  forward,  to  fill  paragraph 
after  paragraph:  and  writing,  once  a  trouble,  is  now  at  breath- 
ing-ease. Our  kind  and  loving  thoughts,  warm  and  trans- 
parent, liquid  as  melted  from  the  hot  heart,  shall  no  longer 
grow  opaque,  and  freeze  with  a  tedious  dribbling  from  the 
pen;  but  the  whole  soul  may  now  poir  itself  forth  in  a  sweet 
shower  of  words.  Phonotypy  and  Phonography  will  be  of  a 
use  in  the  world  not  dreamt  of,  but  by  a  few." — The  Evangel 
of  Loae,p.  231,  by  HENRY  SUTTOS. 

We  do  not  wish  to  underrate  the  value  of  the  present  sys- 
tem of  writing;  it  has  been  of  great  service  in  its  time,  hav- 
ing done  much  in  the  way  of  civilizing  and  enlightening  tiie 
races  of  men.  But  the  state  of  things  in  the  scientific 
world  demanded  a  change  in  the  character  of  our  written 
language.  Science  is  a  stern  ruler;  her  laws  encircle  every 
art,  and  although  for  a  long  time  they  may  remain  undiscov- 
ered or  not  applied,  yet  as  the  world  progresses  in  knowledge 
and  learns  wisdom  froin  experience,  it  will  cause  them  to  be 
developed,  and  future  generations  will  derive  the  advantages 
of  conforming  to  them.  These  facts  have  been  illustrated  in 
the  various  improvements  to  which  we  have  alluded;  and 
they  are  still  to  be  expected  in  such  departments  as  have  not 
yet  undergone  the  remodeling  process  of  modern  ingenuity. 
They  take  their  turn  in  the  great  circle  of  progression;  and 
it  is  the  object  of  the  present  work  to  demonstrate  the  laws 
that  apply  to  the  art  of  writing,  as  required  at  this  stage  of 
the  world's  history. 

The  spirit  of  our  age  demands  two  new  features  in  the  art 
of  writing  :  First,  Speed  in  its  execution;  second,  System  in  its 
orthography.  In  treating  of  the  first  desideratum  we  shall 


MAM  A!,    or     I'lloMKiliAl'HY.  11 

briefly  refer  to  the   alphabet,  now  in  use,  and  the   habits  of 
writing  it  requires. 

(The  o">ii>  -Alphabet  ;wi>  (LVtbognip'irr. — Like  the  ancient 
implements  of  industry  and  modes  of  labor,  the  alphabet 
of  our  fathers,  was  constructed  at  a  time  when  the  inge- 
nuity of  man  had  not  been  brought  into  full  play.  The 
letters  ;ire  complex,  and  the  use  of  them  cumbersome  in  the 
extreme.  To  illustrate:  take  the  letter  £  for  example;  to 
make  this  letter,  the  fingers  have  to  perform  four  inflections 
or  movements,  while  it  represents  but  a  simple  sound;  in 
making  the  letter  ?u  seven  inflections  are  required,  while  it, 
•presents  but  one  sound;  and  every  letter  of  the  old  al- 
phabet is  thus  complex,  to  a  greater  or  less  degree,  although 
they  arc  d  'siirued  each  to  represent  but  a  single  sound. 

Now.  while  there  is  this  complexity  in  the  art  of  writing, 
in  .s;>;>keu  1  .ingu  ig  •  the  organs  of  spoech  perform  but  one 
movement  in  the  enunciation  of  each  letter;  und  hence  the 
labor  of  the  penman  is  four  or  five  times  as  great  as  that  of 
the  speaker;  while  the  latter  is  moving  off  freely,  as  on  the 
wings  of  the  wind,  the  former  is  trudging  at  the  snail's  pace, 
\v.-ary  and  provoked  at  the  contrast. 

The  object  to  be  accomplished,  therefore,  is  to  present  an 
alphabet  each  letler  of  which  can  be  written  by  one  inflec- 
tion of  the  pen,  so  that  the  writer  need  no  longer  be  four 
tiiii :'.s  distanced  by  the  moderate  speaker;  and  if  the  reader 
will  follow  us  through  this  book,  he  will  see  that  the  system 
we  are  about  to  develop  more  than  meets  this  requisition. 

But  a  greater  difficulty,  if  possible,  than  the  mere  substitu- 
tion of  a  new  alphabet,  is  to  be  overcome.  The  orthography 
employed  in  using  the  old  alphabet  is  nearly  as  cumbrous  as 
the  formation  of  its  letters;  while  its  want  of  system  makes 
it  a  .study  of  many  years  to  memorize  the  spelling  of  the  fifty 
or  eighty  thousand  words  in  our  language. 

Thus,  take  tho  sound  of  a;  if  we  had  nothing  to  do,  in  order 
to  represent  it  in  our  common  writing,  but  to  write  the  on& 
letter  called  «,  the  evil  would  be  trilling  compared  with  what 


12  INTRODUCTION    TO    THE 

it  is.  But  we  more  frequently  have  to  write  two  or  three,  or 
even  four  letters  to  represent  this  one  sound.  It  has,  in  fact, 
thirty-four  different  modes  of  representation,  consisting  of 
various  combinations  of  nine  different  letters,  a  few  only  of 
which  we  have  room  to  exhibit.  Thus,  aa,  as  in  _4«rron;  «i, 
as  in  poz'n;  aig,  aa  in  campaign;  aiijh.  as  in  strati/hi;  eig/ie, 
as  in  weighed,  &c.  Now  common  sense,  as  well  as  the  laws 
of  science,  suggests  that  the  sound  of  a  in  each  and  all  these 
should  be  written  with  the  same  letter.  When  this  shall 
be  done,  more  than  two  thirds  of  the  labor  of  representing 
this  sound  will  b3  saved;  but  by  substituting  a  new  letter  that 
can  be  made  with  one  movement  of  the  pen  instead  of  the 
four  that  a  requires,  and  of  the  four  times  four  that  several  of 
the  above  combinations  require,  nine-tentlis  of  this  labor  will 
be  avoided.  In  writing  the  sound  a  in  these  five  words,  in- 
stead of  making  fifty  inflections  of  the  pen,  we  will  have  to 
make  but  Jive! 

The  sound  of  e  is  represented  \nforty  different  ways.  Ex- 
amples: ca,  as  in  each;  ea-ue  as  in  league;  eye,  as  in  keyed; 
eig,  as  in  se^nor;  eiyh,  as  in  Leigh.  We  need  not  repeat  thai 
the  sound  of  e  in  each  of  these  words  should  be  repre- 
sented by  the  same  letter;  or  that  by  substituting  for  the 
complex  letter  e  a  simple  character  that  can  be  made  with 
one  motion  of  the  pen,  seven-eights  or  nine-tenths  of  the  la- 
bor in  writing  would  be  saved.  These  are  facts  that  are  evi- 
dent, after  the  illustrations  are  presented.  And  \ve  might 
thus  illustrate  the  unscientific  mode  of  representing  nearly 
every  word  in  our  language,  with  equally  formidable  results. 
But  we  will  only  state  the  melancholy  fact,  that  the  various 
sounds  employed  in  speaking  the  English  language  are  each 
represented  in  from  four  to  forty  ways,  and  that  in  the  larg-j 
majority  of  cases  two  or  more  letters  are  required  to  do  the 
service.  It  is  also  true,  that  there  is  no  letter  in  the  alpha- 
bet that  uniformly  represents  the  same  sound;  thus,  a  has  a 
different  sound  in  each  of  the  following  words  :  ate,  at,  ell, 
are,  any. 


MAM'AI.    <>!••    lMlnNO(iKAlMIV. 


The  consequence  of  this  want  o  is.  in  the  lan- 

gu-iiri1  "t  a  distinguished  writer  on  the  subject  of  education, 

$  that  "  reading  is  the  most  difficult  of  human  attainments." 
An  I.  as  ;i  further  consequence,  one  thinl  of  the  population  of 
England  are  unable  to  read,  and  <>m  hn'f  unable  to  write; 
w!iik>  in  the  United  States,  the  number  of  adult  white  per- 
\vho  can  neither  read  nor  write,  is  one  to  every  twenty 
who  can;  and  this  wide-spread  ignorance  must  continue  until 
th ••  rudiments  of  education  are  simplified.  Such  inconsisten- 
cies and  mischievous  errors  as  we  have  referred  to,  are  not 
in  harmony  with  the  developments  of  order  and  science  in 
most  other  branches  of  industry  and  art,  and  hence  they 
must  be  superseded  by  something  truer  and  more  expedi- 
ti  us;  or,  if  not  superseded,  we  must  use  the  more  speedy  and 
ii  system  in  connection  with  the  old.  as  steamboats, 

?  railroads  and  telegraphs  are  used  conjointly  with  the  old 
modes  of  conveyance. 

(The  phonetic  principle.  —  The  term  PJtonetic  is  derived 
from  the  Greek  word  <j>wi-ij  speech.  A  phonetic  alphabet, 
therefore,  is  one  which,  referring  solely  to  speech,  derives  all 
its  laws  from  a  consideration  of  the  elements  of  speech.  To 
illustrate  what  we  mean  by  the  phrase  -'elements  qf  speech,'' 
w,>  have  but  t.)  ask  the  reader  to  adjust  his  lips  to  a  round 
position  and  deliver  the  voice  as  he  would  commence  to 
;  the  words  ole,otl;,  0:011.  Now  this  same  sound  is  heard 
in  thousands  of  words  in  our  language,  and  is  what  we  call 
an  element  of  speech.  Another  element  is  heard  in  the 
commencement  of  the  word  axe  and  at  the  termination  of 
the  word  n^ut.  In  pronouncing  the  words  .see,  say,  s.tw. 
hear,  at  the  beginning  of  each  of  them,  the  same  kind  of  a 
sound,  namely  a  A/.--S.  which  is  also  an  element  of  speech,  for 
it  frequently  combines  with  other  sounds  to  make  words. 
By  analyzing  all  the  words  in  the  English  language,  it  has 
!•  vn  fjund  that  it  is  constituted  of  but  forty-three  eleraen- 
t  v  sounds;  or,  to  be  more  precise,  thirty-nine  simple 


14  INTRODUCTION    TO    THE 

sounds,  and  four  compound  ones,  formed  by  the  close  union 
of  certain  simple  sounds,  which  it  is  convenient  to  consider 
as  elements.  In  speaking',  therefore,  our  words  consist 
simply  in  the  utterance  of  one  of  these,  or  a  combination  of 
two  or  more  of  them:  and  in  writing  these  words,  common 
sense  would  suggest  that  each  element  should  be  represented 
by  a  single  letter,  that  should  never  stand  for  any  other 
sound. 

It  is  supposed  the  original  Phoenician  alphabet,  from  which 
our  present  alphabet  is  remotely  derived,  was  phonetic;  thai 
is,  it  represented  the  elements  of  speech  in  such  a  manner 
that  when  the  sounds  of  a  word  were  heard  the  writer  knew 
immediatoly  what  letters  to  use,  and  when  he  saw  the  letters 
he  knew  at  once  what  sounds  he  was  to  utter.  But  when 
this  alphabet  was  adopted  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  who 
used  sounds  unknown  to  the  Phoenicians,  many  of  the  old 
letters  were  necessarily  used  to  represent  new  sounds  as  well 
as  old  ones,  so  that  there  was  no  longer  any  very  strict  ac- 
cordance between  the  sounds  and  letters  of  words.  But 
when  other  European  nations,  including  the  English,  adopted 
the  romanic  alphabet,  and  used  it  in  very  different  ways,  inso- 
much that  no  one  could  guess  what  sound  should  be  attributed 
to  any  one  letter,  almost  all  trace  of  the  phonetic  nature  of 
the  alphabet  was  lost.  And  hence  the  deplorable  state  of 
English  spelling  and  writing,  as  depicted  in  previous  pages, 
which,  in  few  words,  is  so  bad  that  no  one  can  tell  the 
sound  of  an  unknown  word  from  its  spelling,  or  the  spelling 
of  a  new  word  from  its  sound. 

Phonetic  spelling,  therefore,  is  no  new  thing,  and  the 
efforts  of  writing  and  spelling  reformers  is  simply  an  attempt 
to  place  the  representation  of  the  English  language  on  the 
same  rational  basis  that  the  most  classic  of  the  ancient  lan- 
guages stood,  and  in  addition  thereto  to  afford  the  means  of 
the  most  rapid  writing  that  it  is  possible  to  attain.  No  fur- 
ther argument,  therefore,  should  be  required,  in  presenting  a 
system  so  accordant  with  truth  and  utility. 


MANC.U.    l»F    I'HONOIJKAI'HY. 


jJbouotlvn.  —  The  word  Phonotypy.  from  the  Greek  t-^T* 
speech,  and  n-.-r--.  type,  signifies  the  printing  of  language  by 
types  which  represent  the  sounds  heard  in  speaking;  while 
Phonography,  also  from  $urrt  and  another  Greek  word, 
7?atT;''  tu  write,  signifies  to  write  by  sound,  or  with  charac- 
ters that  represent  the  sounds  heard  in  speech.  Although  the 
latter  is  the  art  which  this  work  is  specially  designed  to  ex. 
plain,  yet  a  knowledge  of  the  former  will  materially  aid  in  its 
acquisition;  and  as  a  sufficient  acquaintance  with  it  may  be 
obtained  in  a  few  minutes'  study,  we  shall  here  present  a 
brief  exposition  of  it. 

The  forty-three  elementary  and  dipthongal  sounds  that  it 
has  been  found  necessary  to  represent  in  a  true  orthography 
of  the  English  language,  are  exhibited  by  the  italic  letters  in 
the  following  words  :  — 

eel         earth          ale          at'r        arm          all  oak         ooze; 

ill             ell           am  ask  on  up        wood; 

tee,          oil,          oiol,  mute;  yea,  way,      7uy  : 

pole,      Jowl,      ^oe,       rfoe,  c/ieer,  ,/eer,  came,       same, 

/ear,       veer,       thigh,     thy,  seal,        2eal,  s/iall,       vision, 
rare,       lull;       mum,       nun,       sing. 

Of  course  the  old  twenty-six  letter  alphabet  was  incompe- 
tent to  £ive  a  character  for  each  of  these  forty-three  sounds. 
And  in  determining  upon  the  introduction  of  new  letters,  t\vo 
important  considerations  present'-d  tlr-mselves  to  the  mind. 
both  grounded  on  the  fact  that  the  romanic  style  of  spelling 
already  existed  in  printed  books,  and  flourishes  \  herever  our 
langu.ige  is  spoken  or  read.  First,  that  those  who  can  al- 
ready reail  r  Mnani.-  spelling  should  IKIVL'  very  little  difficulty 
in  acTuirin^  phonetic  spelling:  and  secondly,  that  those  who 
are  taught  to  read  phonetically  should  find  that  the  greater 
part  of  the  difficulties  attendant  on  the  acquirement  of  ro- 
manic  reading  were  then  overcome. 

In  order  to  accomplish  thes  •  two  very  important  objects,  it 
was  necessary  to  u.-e  as  many  of  the  old  romanic  letters  as 


1(>  INTRODUCTION    TO    THE 

possible,  in  the  senses  which  they  most  froijuently  have  in 
the  romanic  spelling  of  English;  and  to  make  the  new  pho- 
netic letters  suggest  the  letters  or  combinations  of  letters 
which  are  most  frequently  employed  to  express  their  sounds 
romanically. 

The  grand  object  was  to  make  English  reading  easy — not 
merely  in  phonetic  but  also  in  romanic  spelling,  in  order  that 
the  large  number  of  boo!\s  already  printed  should  be  still  use- 
ful, or  rather  should  be  made  useful  to  those  to  whom  they  are 
at  present  useless — the  book-blind,  those  who  cannot  read. 
Tliis  has  been  r/eci&l.  Not  only  is  phonetic  reading  so  easy  to 
those  who  read  romanically  that  few  find  any  difficulty  in 
the  matter  at  all,  but  those  who  have  only  learned  to  read 
phonetically  occupy  the  same  position  in  regard  to  romanic 
reading. 

Out  of  the  twenty-six  romanic  letters,  three,  c,  q,  x.  have 
been  rejected.  The  fifteen  consonants, 

bdfhjlmnprtvwyz 

are  used  in  their  usual  romanic  sense;  that  is,  in  the  sense 
which  the  English  romanic  reader  would  naturally  expect 
them  to  have  in  any  new  word,  as  they  are  pronouuced  at  the 
beginnin  of  the  romanic  words, 


ied,        <^eed,       /it,      /«ead,        ,/est,        fall,       raun,         »un, 
peep,         rare,      £r>e,        vote,        «ooe,       yes,         zeal, 

The  five  vowels, «.  c,  i,  o,  ti,  and  the  remaining  three  con- 
sonants k,  ij,  s,  aiv  to  bj  pronounced  as  at  the  beginning  of 
am,  egg,  in,  on,  up,  &ite,  get,  sup. 

New  letters  have  been  invented  for  the  sounds  expressed 
by  the  italic  letters  in  the  under-written  words  in  the  follow- 
ing ta!  1  : 

C  e     E  e     t  [  a     ft  ^      Ho.     (I  a    G  e     O  o     (D  CD     U  u    *  j 
eel    mrth    «we-     azr      «rm       nsk    all       oak    ooze      foot     ice 

(3  (r    ~$  is       U  u       G  cj         Rt        (Td        XJ        Xg        TJg 

w?       owl        m>/le     cate/i       //(in       ttine      she       vision      sing 


1 
£Iu  plronetic  ^Upbitbct. 

The  Jetton                is  altcays               The  letter                  is  ,•/• 

written 

printei 

loanded  as 

writt  I'll     printed 

Sciuinli-d  as 

d?£ 

r  c 

CC  as  in  C(A 

0^/t 

Pp 

/i    as  in  I'OjyQ 

&  ? 

]•;  <; 

ca  ..  earth 

£84 

Bb 

b     .  .  ro/>e 

c%& 

£[  a 

a    ..  f/\(> 

•LS           ' 

Tt 

/     ..   fa/e 

*J^  '  <*7 

'A  q, 

a     ..  mv 

&  (/ 

D  d 

d    .  .  fa'/e 

<j£c/ 

fl  u. 

a    ..  arm 

'$•$ 

(<'  <; 

<•//  .  .   ctf:/t 

( 

0  o 

a    .  .  a\\ 

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J  J 

(/    .  .  edflo 

&c? 

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o    .  .  ope 

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K  k 

k    .  .    lock 

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oo  .  .  food 

%      '/ 

('  « 

//   •  •  !»// 

J  / 

I    i 

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F  f 

/..a  /' 

7? 

e?     e 

K  c 

c    ..   ell 

^        f 

V  v 

»/                   ./ 

y   .  .    s;  re 

^& 

A  a 

a,    ..  c?m 

11  ( 

//  .  .    \\reaM 

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18  INTRODUCTION    TO    THE 

On  the  preceding  page  the  whole  alphabet  is  presented, 
systematically  arranged;  first,  the  long  vowels;  second,  the 
short  vowels;  third,  the  compound  vowels;  fourth,  the  liquids; 
fifth,  the  consonants.  In  this  respect,  unimportant  though 
it  may  seem,  the  new  alphabet  is  an  improvement  on  the  old 
— which  is  little  more  than  a  string  of  confusion — hero  a 
vowel  and  there  a  vowel,  a  consonant  here  and  another  there. 

In  addition  to  the  printing  letters  of  the  phonetic  alphabet, 
the  longhand  script  characters  are  presented.  It  will  be  ob- 
served, that  the  old  letters  are  retained  in  their  usual  sense, 
and  new  ones  introduced,  having  resemblance  to  their  cor- 
responding printed  letters,  and  of  as  easy  formation  as  possi- 
ble. This  alphabet  is  used  by  all  practical  Spelling  Reform- 
ers, whera  th.3  p'lonalic  sharthinl  cauld  not  be  read  by  the 
p3rson  for  whom  the  writing  is  done;  for  phonetic  longhand 
may  be  read;  with  very  little  hesitation,  by  all  who  can  read 
the  old  manuscript.  And  the  writer,  in  addition  to  the  satis- 
faction of  employing  a  scientific  orthography,  economizes 
twelve  per  cent  of  his  paper  and  time,  by  dispensing  with 
double  letters,  etc. 

pbonoqntpbj). — Phonography  being  intended  for  the  pen 
alone,  and  the  principal  object  being  rapidity  of  execution, 
with  a  reliable  degree  of  legibility,  considerable  license  is 
taken  as  regards  strictly  phonetic  principles.  It  cannot  be 
said  of  phonetic  shorthand  that  "no  sound  must  be  represent- 
ed by  more  than  one  sign,"  and  that  "no  sign  must  represent 
more  than  one  sound."  The  reverse  of  this  statement  is  true 
in  frequent  instances;  but  not  in  such  a  way  as  materially  to 
impair  the  scientific  accuracy  of  the  system.  In  point  of 
utility  there  are  great  advantages  derived  from  having  two  or 
three  forms  to  represent  certain  sounds,  and  no  serious  dis- 
advantage. 

The  simplest  signs  which  it  was  possible  to  obtain  for  the 
phonographic  alphabet,   are,  1st,  the  dot;  2d,  the  dash;  3d,  the  . 
straight  lite;  4th,  the  curve.     The  dots  and  dashes  are  used  to 


MA.NTAL    OF    I'll'  i\<  ><  iKAPH V.  11.) 


-  -nt  the  vowels;  the  straight  lines  and  curves  represent 
the  consonants.  The  following  diagrams  exhibit  the  source 
from  which  the  latter  are  derived,  and  show  the  different  posi- 
tions they  occupy  in  representing  different  let; 


\  / 


It  will  he  observed  that  the  straight  line  assumes  fjur  dif- 
ferent positions,  and  the  curved  one  eight;  these  are  as  many 
positions  as  can  be  recognized  without  danger  of  confusion; 
and  these  two  simple  characters  can  be  written  in  these 
twelve  positions  so  as  to  be  just  as  distinct  and  legible  as 
though  this  number  of  differently  shaped  letters  were  em- 
ployed. Here,  now,  we  have  the  m?an.s  of  representing 
t\velve  consonant  sounds;  but  since  in  writing  we  can  make 
either  light  or  heavy  marks,  this  number  may  be  doubled  by 
:iiziug  the  same  number  of  heavy  straight  lines  and 
curv 

While  it  is  found  necessary  to  make  each  of  the  primitive 
characters  heavy,  in  order  to  obtain  a  suffijifiit  number,  it  is 

;  aind  a  useful  and  philosophical  method  of  distinguish- 
ing between  the  natures  of  different  sounds.  Thus,  eight  of 

•unds  which  these  characters  are  to  represent  are  mere 

>.'odiiced  by  the  transition  of  the  organs  of  speech, 

from  one  position  to  another,  or  by  the  simple  contact  of  dif- 

•  parts  of  the  mouth,  without  any  vocal  sound  ;  and 
there  are  eight  others  made  in  the  same  manner,  but  they 
h  ivc  in  addition  a  slightly  roughened  or  v.-tcnl  sound,  which 
require  a  greater  effort  to  produce  them. 

To  follow  nature,  therefore,  and  preserve  a  correspondenc-3 
between  signs  and  sounds,  the  light  signs  are  mado  to  repre- 
sent the  light  or  whispered  sounds,  and  the  heavy  signs  to  rz- 

•:t  t!ie  heavy  sounds.  Tims,  both  tho  <H  Terence  between 
the  sounds  and  their  re*  -re  at  one  \ted. 


20  INTRODUCTION    TO    THE 

And  it  being  so  natural  to  represent  a  light  sound  by  a  light 
stroke,  and  a  heavy  sound  by  a  heavy  stroke,  the  phono- 
graphic pupil  finds,  after  a  little  practice,  that  he  makes  the 
difference  in  the  strokes  without  any  thought  about  it.  But 
the  similarity  of  sound  between  the  heavy  and  light  strokes 
is  so  great  that,  if  at  any  time  the  difference  in  the  thickness 
of  the  lines  is  not  clearly  made,  it  will  not  seriously  affect 
the  legibility  of  the  writing  to  the  experienced  phonogra- 
pher.  Thus,  for  example,  if  the  word  Sinsiruif.i  were  written 
so  as  to  be  pronounced  Zinzinadi,  the  reader  could  hardly 
mistake  the  intention  of  the  writer. 

THE  COXSONAXTS  are  classified  as  follows: — 
1.  ABRUPTS. — These  elements,  sometimes  called  explo- 
dents,  are  produced  by  a  total  contact  of  the  organs  of 
speech,  abruptly  interrupting  and  exploding  the  outward 
passage  of  the  breath,  or  the  voice.  They  are  eight  in 
number,  and  being  stiff,  unyielding  sounds,  are  appropriately 
represented  by  the  eight  straight,  unyielding  right  lines,  as 
illustrated  in  the  following  table, — the  italicized  letters  of 
the  words  indicating  the  sounds  represented  : 

Whispered,      \rope,            |  fate,      /  etc/t,      •        loci. 
Spoken,  \  roie,  j   faa'e,  .   /  edge.     log. 

By  a  little  observation  in  comparing  the  sound  of  p  with 
that  of  b,  in  the  words  rope  and  robe,  the  distinction  of  whis- 
pered and  spoken,  or  light  and  heavy,  will  be  appreciated.  As 
far  as  articulation,  or  the  contact  of  the  organs  of  speech  is 
concerned,  the  consonants  p  ami  b  are  identical;  the  sound 
of  the  former,  however,  is  produced  by  the  breath  only, 
while  the  latter  requires  the  assistance  of  the  voice,  which 
commences  before  the  lips,  the  organs  by  which  the  articula- 
tion is  produced,  are  disconnected.  The  same  remarks  apply 
to  each  of  the  other  pairs  of  abrupts,  as  the  reader  will  dis- 
cover by  speaking  the  illustrative  words  in  connection. 


MANTA1,    <>K    I'lIOXOURAPHV.  21 

2.  CONTINUANTS: — The  organs  of  speech   are   in  contact 
in  the   production    of  ihese   elements,  yet  not  so  firmly    as 
to  totally  obstruct  the   passaga  of  breath,  or  voice;  but  the 
sounds   may  be  continued  any  length  of  time.     There  are, 

>ht  of  these  el  MII  -nts— half  of  them  whispered  and 
half  spoken;  and  as  they  are  of  a  fl  swing,  yielding  nature, 
tlu-y  are  appropriately  represented  by  curved  and  flowing 
signs;  thus: 

r  I,      ^_  s. •//.>,         f    \\reaUi,          J   buy?,          )  vicious. 
fyxtl-cii,  V^  sai-?,         (    \\TC3.t'ie,         )   buzz,       ^vision. 

3.  LIQUIDS: — These  are  r  and  /.  and  arj  called  liquids  be- 
cause they  readily   run   into  or   unite   with   other   consonant 
sounds.      They    are   not  distinguished   by    any  variation   of 
sound,  as  the  abrupt^  and  continuants,  and  are  represented  by 
light  curves;  t!m--: 

f   fa//,  for.  ^ 

4.  NASALS: — The  sounds  of  m,  n  and  ng,  are  called  nasals 
from  the  fact  that  the  organs  are  brought  in  complete  contact, 
and  the  voice  driven  through  the  nose.     The  m  and  n  are 
represented  by  the  two  remaining  light  curves,  and  ng  by  the 
heavy  curve  corresponding  to  n,  as  being  nearly  related  to 
that  sound;   thus: 

s~^  seem,  *^_^  see??,  • — -   si??</ 

5.  COALESCEXTS: — Y  and  w  hold  a  medial  character  be- 
tween the  vowels  and  consonants;  w  being  a  weak  sound  or 
modification  of  (!)  (no),  and  y  a  modification  of  £  (ee~).  They 
never  occur  in  English  except  before  a  vowel,  with  which 
they  closely  coalesce.  The  following  are  their  phonographic 
signs,  and  the  words  illustrating  their  powers. 

^  '  r      Vea- 


22  INTRODUCTION    TO   THE 

6.  ASPIRATE  : — The  power  of  li  is  simply  a  breathing  up- 
on the  following  vowel,  and  is  generally  represented  by  a 
light  dot  placed  before  the  vowel;  but  a  consonant's  form 
is  sometimes  needed,  which  is  written  thus:  f  h- 

VOWEL  ARRANGEMENT:* — In  order  to  represent  twelve 
vowel  sounds  by  the  two  signs,  a  dot  and  a  dash,  a  scheme 
similar  to  that  of  representing  musical  sounds  by  the  round 
note  is  resorted  to.  As  the  vowels  rarely  occur  except  in 
connection  with  a  consonant,  they  are  indicated  by  the  posi- 
tion in  which  the  dot  or  dash  is  placed  to  the  consonant 
stroke;  thus,  a  dot  placed  at  the  beginning  of  a  consonant 
represents  the  vowel  €  (ee,)  at  the  middle,  ft  («ge,)  at  the 
end,  (i  (ah;)  the  dash  at  the  beginning  is  0  (awe,)  at  the  mid- 
dle, o  (owe,)  at  the  end,  fl)  (03.)  The  remaining  six  vowels 
are  shorter  brief,  as  compared  with  the  foregoing  six,  and  are 
appropriately  represented  by  the  dot  and  dash  in  the  same 
manner,  but  made  tighter;  and  all  that  has  been  said  in  regard 
'to  light  and  heavy  consonants  applies  to  the  vowels.  In  the 
following  illustration  the  vowel  signs  are  placed  to  a  dotted 
line  merely  to  indicate  the  position  of  the  dot  and  dash;  it  is 
no  part  of  the  vowel.  The  italic  letters  in  the  accompany- 
ing words  susrsrest  the  vowel  sounds: 


I  eel, 


•\  ill, 


ale,          I  arm, 
ell, 


all,        -   oak,         i  ooze, 


on, 


up,          j  wood, 


DIPHTHONGS: — These  being  compound  sounds,  and  all  the 
simple  characters  being  otherwise  disposed  of,  they  are  rep- 

*  For  the  greater  simplification  of  Phonography,  there  is,  ordinarily, 
no  distinction  made  between  the  sound  of  e  in  mercy  and  that  of  e  in 
inerry;  between  a  in  dare,  and  a,  in  date;  nor  between  a  in  fast  and  a  in 
far.  The  signs  for  representing  these  three  sounds  (e,  a,,  and  a,)  together 
with  various  foreign  sounds,  are  provided  on  ptge  127,  which  maybe 
adopted  by  the  proficient  phonographer,  if  he  wishes  to  be  very  accurate 
in  the  representation  of  spoken  words. 


.MANCAL    OF    ViM'NOCiKAPHY. 


23 


resented   by  complex  signs. 
the  following  illustration: 


i  ?sle, 


oi\, 


They  will  be  understood  by 


.1  ow\, 


TRIPHTHONGS: — These  result  from  the  unkm  of  w  with 
each  of  the  above  diphthongs,  which  are  more  convenient  to 
represent  by  single  characters  than  otherwise;  thus: 


qw/t, 


r\  wound. 


ORGANIC  CLASSIFICATION  OF  CONSONANTS. 


Abrupt*.      1  v     P 

^  Spoken.          \  ^ 

~    ..        C  Whispered.    \      c 

Contin-     \  v_  t 

uaiits.      >  Spoken.          \. 

'  v.  > 

Liquids. 

fiesonants,  /- — N  m 

Ambigues.  ^\   w 


t 

I* 

(  th   )  s 


/ch 

/.i 


"V 

<•  —  --n 


In  the  above  division  of  the  consonant  sounds,  reading  in 
columns  downwards,  we  begin  with,  (1)  those  fortficd  at  ?he 
lips,  as p,  b, /,  &c.,  and  call  them  Labials;  (2)  wo  then  go 
back  to  the  region  of  the  tip  of  the  tongue  and  the  teeth, 
where  t,  d,  &c.,  are  formed,  which  class  we  term  Linguo-Dcn- 
tals,  (tongue-teeth  sounds;)  (.'))  then  to  the  hard  palate  or 
roof  of  the  mouth,  a  little  back  of  the  teeth,  where  we  find 
ch,j,sh,  &c.,  which  we  call  Lintjuo- r<i!u!  //-.-  and,  finally,  to 
the  root  of  the  tongue,  near  the  throat,  where  7;,  g,  &c.,  are 
formed,  which  we  term  Gutturals,  or  Throat- Sounds. 

A  practical  arrangement  of  the  whole  alphabet,  for  refer- 
ence in  study,  etc.,  will  be  found  on  the  next  page. 


i«§nHit  aiUrt 

tt. 

CONSONANTS. 

\  p   rope 

'V.  f  safe 

03 

fi 

i       1    faZ? 

\  b   ro6e 

V  v   sa?;e 

1 

i  r   for 

t   fafe 

CO 

\     t    wrea^/t 

H-i 

5O 

'  —  N  m  seem 

p* 

d   farfe 

X 

ts    , 

V    d   wreatfie 

•<  ->  -  —  ^  n    seen 

CO      j 

H^      •< 

2 

H 
25 

J    s    buss 

»? 

^V   si»<7 

/     j    ec^e 

O 

;    z   buzz 

g 

i  w  tway 

k    locfe 

_y*  J   vicious 

1, 

2 

(  £    lo</ 

V                 O              «r 

^^  3    vision 

3 

^«      h    /land 

VOWELS. 

8    eel 

'  1     i    ill 

'  V 

j     tsle 

a   ale 

1     c   ell 

' 

ad 

O 

o*    oil 

,2        .     q,   arm 

%       .]     a   am 

O 

O     1     - 

°  i  -• 

H 

e    azced 

OQ 

i     o   odd 

H 
fXi 

fl 

A        tf      OM?1 

o  ope 

~i     u  tip 

_:  CD   fool 

1  J    U    fwll 

/>     \\    dupe 

REMARK.  —  The  above  is  a  tabular  view  of  the  phonetic    ', 

alphabet.     It  shows  the  simplicity  of  the 

characters  cm- 

ployed,  as  contrasted   with  the   longhand 

letters  of  the 

old  alphabet.      It  is   placed  in    this  form 

for  occasional 

reference  by  the   student;  to  appreciate  the  beauty  and 

utility  of  .its  use,  the  following  course  of  lessons  must 

be  mastered. 

.  _  .  — 

Manual  of  Hjj0n0grjroto. 

^^  t-|ry  u  -•'        r  0-s 


Jess  ai.l. 

KXPLODENT  CONSONANTS. 

1.  Let  the  pupil  take  a  pointer,  or  a  pen  without  ink, 
and  trace  the  signs  in  the  following  division  of  the  con- 
sonants, termed  cxplodents,  —  the  perpendicular  and  in- 
clined ones  from  the  top  downwards,  and  the  horizontal 
ones  from  left  to  right,  —  speaking,  at  the  same  time, 
the  name  of  each,  as  printed  beneath. 


\ 


/  - 


Pe    Be     Te    De    Chay   Jay      Kay   Gay 

The  consecutive  order  and  tabular  arrangement  of 
these  signs  should  be  fixed  in  the  mind,  by  repeating 
them  frequently  as  above  ;  after  which  the  exercise 

may  be  varied  as  follows  : 


\\ 


\\  \\ 


T,  D  _i_ 
Ch.Jl    7>^ 


I     i  I  -tl-i-l-  I  I 


//  //    //    /  /  // 


K,  G     --    .  --    --    --     -- 

NOTE.  —  In  the  above,  and  a  few  subsequent  exercises,  is  ex- 
hibited the  manner  of  writing  on  double-ruled  paper;  in  the 
use  of  a  single  line  tiie  signs  should  be  written  lo  it  as  though 
it  were  the  lower  line  in  the  double-ruling. 


3 


C25) 


26  MANUAL  OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 

2.  The  power,  or  simple  sound,  of  each  sign,  must 
now  be  learned,  and   this  may  be  most  readily  done  as 
follows:     Beneath  each  sign  we  will  place  a  key-word, 
with  a  hyphen  just  bsfore  the  letter,  or  letters,  repre- 
senting the  last  sound  in  the  word;  and  if  the  learner 
will  pronounce  each  word  as  far  as  the  hyphen,  then 
pause,    and    in  a    moment    give  the     final  sound  by 
itself,  that   sound  will  be  the  unvarying  power  of  the 
short-hand  sign  above  the  word.     Thus : 

\\.l-l  /  - 

ro-pe      ro-6e,        fa-te      fa-de,       ea-cA        a-</e,        lo-cA;      \o-g 

NOTE. — Of  course  the  final  e  in  rope,  robe,  fate,  fade,  and  in 
age,  is  silent;  the  eh  in  eacA, and  the  ck  in  loci,  represent  single 
sounds;  and  the  g  in  ngc  has  the  same  sound  as  j  in  Joy. 

The  drill  on  the  key-words  should  be  repeated  until 
the  pure  sound  of  each  sign  can  be  given  by  itself, 
without  hesitation ;  and,  in  spelling  out  words  in  read- 
ing exercises,  the  sounds  of  the  signs  should  generally 
be  employed,  in  preference  to  their  names. 

COMBINING   THE   CONSONANTS. 

3.  When   a    word   requires  two   or  more   consonant 
signs,  they  should  all  be  written  without  lifting  the  pen, 
continuing  from  one  stroke  into  another,  until  all  are 
formed,  thus: 

PS,  fet,  pd,  %  PP>  kS- 

The  first  downward  stroke  should  stop  on  the  bottom 
line,  and  when  another  one  occurs  in  the  same  word  it 


ON  WHITING  THE  CONSONANTS.  27 

should  be  'continued  on  below,  as  the  tail  of  a  letter  in 
longhand  writing. 

The  following,  and  all  other  reading  exercises,  after 
being  read  (Mice  or  twice  by  sound,  should  also  be  copied 
into  the 'learner's  copy-book,  the  pupil  speaking  the 
sounds  of  the  signs  as  he  copies  them. 

In  copying  this  exercise,  observe  that  the  place  of 
beginning  each  form,  or  outline,  of  a  word,  is  the 
length  of  a  consonant  stroke  above  the  line  of  writing; 
on  double-ruled  paper  the  bottom  line  always  being 
considered  the  line  proper. 

READING  EXERCISE  I. 


In  writing  the  following  exercise,  from  print,  fre- 
quent reference  to  paragraphs  1  and  3  will  be  necessary 
for  a  time,  in  order  to  insure  correctness.  If  doubt 
should  arise  as  to  the  proper  shorthand  sign  to  he 
used  for  any  letter,  it  may  be  settled  at  once  by  con- 
sulting sec.  2. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  I. 

pk          bk          tk          dk          ch-k          jk         kg         g-ch 
kp         kb         kt         kd         k-ck         kj         kk         kg 
pb          td  ch-p      tb  bt  p-ch      d-ch      jb 


28  MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 

LONG  VOWELS. 

4.  The  six  primary  or  long  vowels  of  the  English 
language,  for  practical  purposes,  -are  thus  arranged,  in 
conformity  somewhat  with  the  scientific  classification 
of  the  elementary  sounds  of  the  language.  The  sounds 
are  indicated  by  the  following  letters  and  the  words 
beneath : 

E  A  AH  AW  O  OO 

eel  ale  arm  awl  old  ooze 

The  first  three  sounds  are  represented  by  a  heavy 
dot,  placed  at  the  beginning,  middle,  or  end,  of  a  con- 
sonant ;  and  the  last  three  by  a  short,  heavy  dash  in 
the  same  positions.  Thus: 


E  A  AH  AW  O  OO 

ee-\  a-le  a-rm  aw-\  o-ld          oo  ze 

NOTE. — The  shorthand  sign  j  ,  in  connection  with  the  dots 
and  dashes  above,  is  used  merely  to  indicate  their  positions  to 
any  consonant. 

5.  The  sounds  of  these  dots  and  dashes  maybe  learned 
by  first  pronouncing   the  key-words  underneath,  notic- 
ing  the  first  or  vowel  sound   in  each;   then,  by  pro- 
nouncing  each  word   as  far  as   the  hyphen  only,  the 
proper    sound   of   the    shorthand   vowel    sign  will   be 
heard. 

6.  This  vowel  scale  should  be  repeated  over  and  over, 
thus:   "E,    A,    AH,    heavy    dots;    AW,  o,    oo,    heavy 
dashes,"  until   they  can   be   as  readily  recalled  as   the 
figures  1,  2,  3,  etc.     They  may  be  described  as  follows: 


OX  WHITING  THE  VOWKL8. 


E  is  the  first  place  Ivavy  doi ;  A  is  the  second  place 
heavy  dot;  AH  is  the  third  place  heavy  dot;  AW  is  the 
first  place  heavy  dish;  o  is  the  second  place  heavy 
dash ;  oo  is  the  third  place  heavy  dash. 

NOTE. — The  sound  of  al  in  air,  of  a  in  mare,  and  of  e  in 
there,  may  be  represented  by  lengthening  the  dot  for  a  into 
a  parallel  dash,  thus:  >|  ,  (the  |  ,  of  course,  being  only  the 
consonant  t);  but  the  difference  between  the  two,  -|  and  •),  is  so 
slight  that,  practically,  it  is  thought  not  worth  while  to  indi- 
cate it. 

7.  In  vocalizing  the  consonants,  that  is,  in  placing  the 
vowels  to  them,  the  dots  and  dashes  should  be  written 
near  the  strokes,  but  not  so  that  they  will  join,  thus, 

tea,  )/  age,  \.  pa.  The  dashes  should  be  written 
at  right  angles,  or  nearly  so,  with  the  consonants,  a.s, 

\  paw,   -p    go,    |_  two. 

Inclined  signs  are  regarded  as  perpendicular,  with 
reference  to  the  reading  or  placing  of  vowels  before  or 
after  them. 

8.  If  the  vowel  is  to  be  read  first,  we  place  it  before 
or  to  the  left  of  vertical  and  inclined  consonants,  and. 
above    horizontal   ones;  thus,    '     eat,  X,  ape, —L  oak ; 
if  the  vowel  is  to  be  read  aftsr  the  consonant,  we  place 
it  after,  or  to  the  right  of  vertical  and  inclined  conso- 
nants, and  below  horizontal  ones,  thus,  J-  day,  N^  bow, 
/^s  jaw,  r—  key. 

9.  The  following   exorcise   should  be  read  over  fre- 
quently, till  the  learner  acquires  the  correct  sounds  of 
the  vowels,  and  their  consecutive   order. 


30  MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 

READING  EXERCISE  II. 

Words  in  u'hich  the  Vowels  follow  the  Consonants. 

\       \       \       \      X     v 

pea        •       pay  pa  paw  bow        pooh 

I'         !•         \- 

tea  day  bah  taw  toe  two 

gee  jay  jaw  joe  do 

key  gay  caw 

Vowels  preceding  Consonants. 

eat  ate        each  age  eke          ache 

I  -  'I  -I  X        ->- 

ought  oat  awed  owed  ope          oak 

WRITING  EXERCISE  II. 

Tea,  day,  pay,  pa,  key,  gay,  eat,  aid,  each,  age,  ache,  bee, 
bay  ;  paw,  bow,  booh,  taw7,  toe,  two,  dough,  do,  chaw,  joe,  caw, 
go,  coo. 

VOCALIZING    COMBINED   CONSONANTS. 

10.  The  spelling,  and  manner  of  writing,  the  follow- 
ing words  may  be  studied  first  with  the  aid  of  the  key 
underneath;  after'which  it  is  a  good  plan  to  lay  a  strip 


OX  WHITING  THE   CURVES. 


31 


of  piper  over  the  key  a:id  read  u'itliout  the  aid  of  the 
printed  words;  then  reverse  the  process:  lay  the  paper 
over  the  shorthand  line,  and  write  in  phonography 
from  the  printed  copy,  and  afterward  compare  your 
own  with  the  forms  here  given. 

READING  AND  WRITING  EXERCISE  III. 

peak          keep  take          gate  talk          coat         coop 

ZL     -7     n    z-    -A.     ~n    -— 

chock        cage        caught     chalk          joke  goat        cake 


beat 


paid 


date 


taught         boat        pope        boot. 


CONTINUANT  CONSONANTS. 

11.  The  second  division  of  consonant  signs  is  given 
below,  preceded  by  their  names,  and  followed  by  a  line 
of  key-words  beneath,  indicating  their  several  sounds: 

eF        Ve         iTII         Tile        eS        Ze        iSII        Zlle 

^.        (•'<)')  J 

sa-fo       su-ue      oa-</t      loa-///e     bu-ss     bn-zz      ru-s/t     a-zure 

The  le.irner  must  pursue1  tho  same  course,  in  order  to 
obtain  th:'  simple  sounds  of  these  signs,  as  he  did  with 
the  explodcnts  in  section  2. 

12.  When  the   sounds   of   these  signs   are    compre- 
hended, and  they  can  be  readily  made,  their  consecutive 

order  should    be   well   memorized,  and    the   position  of 


32  MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


eacli  sign  fixed  in  the  mind,  so  that  they  will  not  be 
confounded  with  the  additional  curved  &igns  which  are 
yet  to  be  learned  ;  after  which  the  following  exercise 
may  be  traced,  and  then  copied  from  memory,  repeating 
the  sound  of  each  sign  while  doing  so.  They  are  all 
written  from  top  downward. 


|Th,Tht(      ((        ((       ((        ((        ((        (( 

s,  z   ))     ))      ))     ))      })      ))      )) 

Sh.Zh^  JJ  JJ  JJ-JJ  JJ  JJ 
13.  These  curved  signs  are  combined  with  each  other, 
and  with  the  straight  strokes,  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  straight  strokes  are  united  one  with  another  in  sec- 
tion 3,  page  26.  The  vowel  signs  are  also  placed  to 
them  iii  about  the  same  wny. 

READING  AND  WKITIXG  EXERCISE  IV. 


^  c  )• 

fee         foe  thaw  see  sny  saw  she  sliaw 

-A     ^  *)  V  ->  \  0  .L 

sliow     slice  ease  eve  owes  oath  ooze  ask 


ft  eel         fade         faith         food        sheep        shape        shade 

±      A 


shake      shan>e     sheaf        sliuve  thief       veto       evoke. 


OX  WRITING  THE   CUHVE8.  3?> 

LIQUIDS  AND   N'ASALS. 

14.  The  rem:iincl(!r  of  the  consonants  can  not  be 
grouped  us  those  heretofore  given  ;  nor  do  they  exist  in 
pairs  of  whispered  and  vocal,  therefore  they  must  be 
le.irncd  as  independent  signs.  The  pure  sounds  of  these 
signs  should  be  learned  as  the  others  have  been,  and  as 
indicated  below  : 

eL  aB  eM  eN 


fa-rt 


si-ng 


THE  AMBIGUES  AND  ASPIRATE. 

15.  To  obtain  the  powers  of  these  last  three  signs, 
commsnce  to  pronounce  the  key-words  underneath,  and 
stop  suddenly  when   you   come   to  the   hyphen,  which 
will   give  you  the  proper  sounds.     The  key-words  are 
also  the  names  of  the  signs: 

^          r         s 

TF-ay  F-ea  H-ay 

16.  L  f   is  written    upward,  Avlien  the  only  stroke 
c'>n.-:>:nnt    in   a  word,  and  gonerally  so  in  combination 
with  others,  .but  it  is  written  downward  when  it  is  more 
convenient  to  do  so ;  r ~~\  is  written  downward;  in  ^~^, 
n  •*•-    ,    "f/-^  >  from  left  to  right  ;  w  ~^  and  y  (~  are 
written  downward,  as   all  heavy  perpendicular    and  in- 
clined strokes  are;  h  _      is  always  written  upward. 


MANUAL    OF   PHOXOGHAPHY. 


WRITING  EXERCISE. 

17.  First  trace  the  following  lines  with  a  pointer, 
repeating  the  sound  of  each  sign  in  doing  so;  after- 
wards copy  them  with  pencil  and  pen  : 

L  r    r   r   r   r   r   c   r 
B  S    ^v   "S    ~S    "S  •  -"VS.  "S 


H//////// 

18.  In  the  following  exercise  observe  that  the  first- 
place  vowels,  long  e  and  aw,  are  written  to  f~  at  the 
place  where  you  begin  to  write  it,  viz:  on  the  line; 
the  rule  being,  that  the  first-place  position  of  a  conso- 
nant is  at  the  end  where  you  begin  to  form  it,  and  the 
third-place  where  you  finish  it.  This  rule  applies  also 
to  the  sign  </  ,  which,  however,  is  of  limited  use. 
First  read,  and  then  write,  as  described  in  section  6. 


ON  WRITING  Tin:  <TUYJ:S. 


READING  AND  WRITING  EXKIICLSE  V. 


lea  lay  law  iow  leap          leaf        league 


eel  ear  air  oar         arm  meal          male 


meek         maim  came  name  fame  calm 


ream          roam         room      knave         kneel          nail          fool 


feel         vale  hall          pole          gore  lame        loam 


woe  woke  wake 


r     ^ 

yea  hay  hail 


REVIEW.— (1)  What  are  the  names  of  the  straight  consonant  signs  ?  "What 
an-  they  termed?  (2)  Repeat  the  powers  of  these  signs?  (3)  When  two  or 
more  consonants  are  required  in  a  word,  how  are  they  written.  (4)  How 
many.siinple  long  vowels  arj  there  in  the  English  language?  Repeat  them. 
<;>  How  are  the  first  three  represented?  The  la-st  three?  (7)  How  are  the 
dasli  vowels  written  with  reference  to  the  consonants?  (81  How  are  the 
vow. -Is  written  to  the  consonants  with  reference  to  reading  the  same? 
(11  What  are  the  names  of  the  first  eight  curved  consonants?  What  are 
rmed?  Repeat  tlu-ir  powers.  (12)  How  are  they  written?  (13)  How 
are  the  dash  vowels  written  to  the  curved  consonants?  (11)  What  are  the 
names  of  the  liquid  consonants?  Of  the  nasals?  How  are  these  five  signs 
written?  (live  their  sounds.  (1,~»  What  are  the  names  and  sounds  of  the 
simhi^nes?  What  of  the  aspirate?  (16)  How  are  these  si^ns  written?  (18) 
Where  is  the  first-place  vowel  written  to  I  and  h  ?  Where  the  third  place  ? 


lesson  2. 


SHORT    VOWELS  — DIPHTHONGS  — DOT    H  —  VOCALIZING 
COMBINED    CONSONANTS. 

IP  the  student  has  become  familiar  with  the  arrange- 
ment and  manner  of  writing  the  long  vowels,  it  will  be 
a  very  easy  matter  for  him  to  understand  and  use  the 
following  scale  of 

SHORT   VOWELS. 
•!  •  :•  i  ~i  j 

U  ;e          ja  10          -ju  ju 

as   in     it,  et,  at,  on,  up,  foot. 

The  six  vowel  sounds  above  given  approximate  so 
nearly  in  quality  to  those  given  on  page  30,  the  main 
difference  being  in  length  or  fulness,  that  they  are  repre- 
sented in  precisely  the  same  manner,  excepting  that  the 
signs  are  made  lighter.  [See  Introduction,  pages  20,  21.] 

19.  The  proper  sounds  of  these  dots  and  dashes,  in 
their  several  positions,  must  be  well  memorized.  They 
may  be  designated  thus: — i  is  the  first  place  light  dot;  e 
is  the  second  place  light  dot;  a  is  the  third  place  light 
dot;  0  is  the  first  place  light  dash;  tl  is  the  second  place 
light  dash ;  U  is  the  third  place  light  dash. 

As  a  general  thing  it  is  more  convenient,  and,  except 
in  analyzing  words,  it  is  just  as  well  to  name  the  short 
vowels  with  the  consonant  /  after  them;  thus:  it,  tt,  at, 
ot,  lit,  not. 


(36) 


EXERCISE    OX    THE    SHORT    VO\VKI,S. 


37 


The  following  exercise  on  the  short  vowel  scale  should 
be  practised  till  their  consecutive  order  is  well  mastered, 
and  the  position  of  each  sound  can  be  told  without  hesi- 
tation. 

READING  EXERCISK  II. 

'I  -I  I  ~!  -I  I 


X  \ 


\ 


x 


\ 


z: 


L_     Z. 


\r 


x 


WRITING  EXERCISE  II. 

FIRST  PLACE  LIGHT  DOT. — Pit,  tip,  pil,  pik,  dip,  mil. 
SECOND  PLACE  LIGHT  DOT. — Eb,  cj,  eg,  bel,  tel. 
THIRD  PLACE  LIGHT  DOT. — Ad,  am,  lak,  bak. 

FIRST  PLACE  LIGHT  DASH. — Od,  of,  top,  got,  Jok,   lok,  mok, 
foil,  bodi. 

SECOND  PLACE  LIGHT  DASH. — Up,  us,  kut,  luk,  luv. 

THIRD  PLACE  LIGHT  DASH. — Pul,  buk,  tuk,  ruk,  luk,  kuk, 
puli,  fuli. 


449586 


38 


MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


DIPHTHONGS. 


as  in 


u 

ice. 


oil, 


owl, 


new. 


20.  These  diphthong  characters,  excepting  ^  ,*  oc- 
cupy but  two  places,  the  beginning  and  end  of  a  conso- 
nant. When  written  in  the  first  place,  with  the  point 
downward,  the  angle  represents  the  first  sound  in  ice; 
thus,  ^N^  pie,  (v  thy,  ^  "*"  my;  with  the  point  upward, 
in  the  same  place,  the  first  sound  in  oil;  thus,  \  boy, 
A  coy;  with  the  point  upward,  and  in  the  third  place, 
the  first  sound  in  oicl;  as,  /\  our,  ^ now.  The  char- 

A. 

acters  should  be  written  without  lifting  the  pen,  and 
placed  in  a  perpendicular  position  to  the  inclined  and 
horizontal  strokes,  as  well  as  to  the  vertical. 


HEADING  EXERCISE  III. 

\|V  IV          -X  V   f  /-"I  V\ 

V—^.       \ — -v        V  /v    > —  / 

x    r  /*  v 


WRITING  EXERCISE  III. 


jcr, 


j,  tj,  fj,  vj,  dj,  SJ, 
ker;  o-l,  ano-.     B», 


mj,  nj  ;  js,  jz,  jl,  jr,  jsi. 
y,  vs,  sy,  als,  ns  ;  st, 


Ber,  ter, 
-sr   TS\. 


*  Thi.=,  though  representing,  ordinarily,  the  pure  diphthong,  is  also  em- 
ployed in  an  extended  scheme  of  compound  vowels,  which  will  be  treated 
of  hereafter. 


THE   DOT    //. 


21.  DOT  //. — Since  the  aspirate  never  occurs  in  Eng- 
lish except  before  a  vowel,  a  briefer  mode  of  represent- 
ing it  than  the  long  sign  s  is  generally  employed, 
namely,  a  light  dot  placed  immediately  before  the  vowel; 
it  should  be  written  to  the  left  of  the  dot  vowels  that 
belong  to  a  vertical  or  inclined  stroke,  and  above  those 
belonging  to  horizontals;  and  above  the  dash  vowels  of 
the  former,  and  to  the  left  of  those  of  the  latter;  thus, 
"|  Jiff,  ^-^  /inn,  |  hod,  ~/\  her,  ;.'_„  honn'. 

Although  this  It  is  the  same  in  shape  as  the  light  dot 
vowels,  it  need  never  lead  to  any  mistake,  from  the  fact 
that  no  dot  vowel  ever  occurs  immediately  before  another 
dot  vowel.  For  the  stroke,  h  will  be  italicized. 

READING  EXERCISE  IV. 


r  _•   o   T\   n 

A    A 

WRITING  EXERCISE  IV. 

L  i\<;  VOWELS. — lift,  hat,  lied,  hel,  hal,  her,  har;  hop,  hoop, 

hod,    hok,   hoi,  horn. 

FIRST  PLACE  LIGHT  DOT. — Hip,  hit,  hiq,  hil,  him. 
SECOND  PLACE  LIGHT  DOT. — Hcd,  hej,  hem. 

THIRD  PLACE    LIGHT  DOT. — Hat,    had,    hacj,  hak,  ham,    harj, 

hapi. 
FIRST  PLACE  LIGHT  DASH. — Hop,  hot,  hog,  hod. 

SECOND   PLACE    LIGHT  DASH. — Hub,     hut,    huj,    hul,    hum 
huij. 

DIPHTHONGS. — Iljt,  hjd,   h;;«.'. 


40  MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

VOCALIZING   COMBINED    CONSONANTS. 

22.  In  vocalizing  two  or  more  consonants  it  is  very 
important  to  keep  the  vowel  signs  away  from  the  angles 
or  places  where  the  consonants  join,  especially  from  the 
inside  of  angles,  as  in  such  positions  it  is  impossible  to 
tell  to  which  stroke  they  belong ;  thus,  it  cannot  be  told 
whether  Y->,  ls  the  word  beam  or  balm. 

The  following  rules  should  be  observed: — 

First.  When  a  first  place  vowel,  or  diphthong,  comes 
between  two  consonants  it  is  placed  immediately  after 
the  first ;  as  •  •  \  keep,  not  *\ ,  where  it  is  before  the 

second  consonant;  ^~^ —  meek,  not          ~~;  •       kill, 

not if     ;      y_ ^  ream,  v     j  kite,  &c. 

Second.  A  second  place  vowel,  if  it  is  long,  is  also 
written  after  the  first  consonant;  as  ~"~]  gate,  |^  dome; 
but  if  short,  it  is  written  before  the  second;  as  •}  get, 
\j^  dumb;  by  which  arrangement  we  are  enabled  to  de- 
termine the  sound  of  the  middle  place  vowel  by  position, 
if  it  should  not  be  clearly  indicated  by  the  size. 

Third.  Third  place  vowels,  whether  long  or  short,  are 
written  before  the  second  consonant ;  as  ^V— <  balm, 

\boot,     >»    bad,     X [book,        \duubt. 

-'  .'  A! 

ILLUSTRATIVE    EXERCISE. 


VOr,\M/l.\<;    m.MIMNKT)    CONSONANTS.  41 

Fourth.  If  two  vowels  conic  between  two  consonants, 
the  first  one  spoken  is  written  to  the  first  stroke.  ;iml  the 
next  one  to  the  second  ;  thus,  \X  poem,  ^^  P<'H'"fl'- 

Some  deviations  from  these  rules  occur  in  contracted 
forms  of  writing;  hut  their  general  observance  renders 
the  manuscript  more  legible  than  it  could  otherwise  be. 

24.  If  two  vowels  precede  the  first  consonant  in  a 
word,  the  first  is  written  farther  from  it  than  the  second; 
thus.  v-\  iutd :  if  it  terminate  with  two,  the  last  is  writ- 
ten farther  from  the  consonant  sign;  as,  ^  i<l<n. 

2.").  When  the  diphthong  v  commences  a  word  it 
may  frequently  be  united  with  the  consonant  following, 
without  lifting  the  pen.  as  in  the  word  idta,  just  given, 
\.\  /  believe,  V^  I  /<•><>•,  &c. 

2(>.  In  reading  words  of  two  or  more  consonants,  it 
must  be  observed  that  each  stroke,  and  the  vowel-sign  or 
signs  placed  to  it,  must  be  read  precisely  as  they  would 
be  if  they  stood  unconnected  with  other  consonant 
strokes;  thus,  V~)  re;i(l  i'1  tn's  W;IV  would  be  considered 
thus:  \  (~  )'  pu-li-ry;  ^V  >  ^  \  C  migh-ti-ly. 
This  process  will  be  necessary  till  the  learner  can  read 
words  from  their  general  appearance. 


42  MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  V. 

LONG  DOT  VOWELS. — Bet,  bak,  ba.r,  peq,  bqm,  pad,  pal,  pqm, 
tern,  dam,  tq,",  de;l,  dat,  qep,  qqr,  qer,  qef,  kep,  gat,  kel,  gal, 
kqm,  kak,  Jam,  qrk,  qrrn,  lep,  lat,  \t\S,  nav,  i;ani.  a\vak, 
a\vqr. 

SHJBT  DOT  VOWELS. —  Bit,  pet,  pad,  piq,  bsg,  bag,  pil,  del, 
rim,  lip,  lej,  liv,  mac,  mej,  Ifiaj,  mil,  milk,  vali,  aAe.l. 

L<>im  DASH  V"\VELS. — Bot,  pop,  boot,  tet,  <lor,  io,!,  q«k,  jok, 
kt  1,  kol,  kct>l,  gudi,  t'erm,  vot,  f<td,  ro,m,  lof.  mi  I,  inaiv, 
noti,  nwok. 

SHJRT  DASH  VOWELS. — Pot,  bug,  biak,  bodi,  dot,  doj,  dug, 
kul\,  Foli,  fuli,  Jok,  Juk,  log,  Ink,  luk,  mok,  mug,  rmij, 
nok.  nuk. 

DIPHTH  INGS. — Pj.1,  abj«l,  berl,  qjd,  fjjm,  abst,  mjl,  deker,  dela, 
avs  I,  ais.l,  enjtr,  bo*ler,  t'jler. 

Get  me  mj  buk.     31  btlev  m^  ber.     ^  Ma  j  go  horn  us.    Put 
awa  m    dul  nf. 


K-W.— (19.)  What  is  the  sound  of  the  first  pluco  light  dot  ?  The 
second?  The  third?  The  first  place  light  dash?  The  second?  The 
third  ?  Whit  is  the  short  sound  of  ef  a?  aA?  aw?  of  oof  (20.)  To 
what  places  of  the  consonant  are  the  diphthongs  written?  Describe  the 
sign  and  position  of  /  Of  fri.  Of  nw.  (21.)  What  is  the  second  *'.>rm 


of  the  aspirate  ?  How  distinguished  from  vowel 
Combined  consonants,  what  is  important?  What 
vowels?  Second  place?  Third  place?  If  two  v 
consonants,  how  are  they  written?  (23. )  If  two 
nant  ?  If  two  terminate  a  word?  (21.)  How  m: 


?  (22.)  In  vocalizing 
s  the  rule  for  first  place 
wels  occur  between-two 
precede  a  conso- 
!  1  sometimes  be  writ- 


ten?   (25.)    What  is  the  rule  for  reading  wordi  containing  two  or  more 
consonants  and  thoir  accompanying  vowels. 


3. 


UP-STROKES  II,  8H,  AND  L  —  VOWEL  WORD-SIGNS,  Ac. 

2G.  Iii  order  to  prevent  words  from  running  too  far 
below  the  line  for  convenience  or  beauty,  and  to  afford  a 
variety  of  skeleton  outlines,  by  which  different  words 
having  the  same  consonant  sounds  may  be  written  differ- 
ently, and  thus  be  distinguished  without  being  vocalized, 
provision  is  made  for  representing  several  of  the  conso- 
nant sounds  by  both  upward  and  downward  strokes. 
This  provision  also  makes  the  writing  moi«a*  easy  of 
execution,  since  these  up-strokes  are  all  in  the  inclina- 
tion of  the  line  of  writing,  from  left  to  right.  The 
letters  thus  represented  are  r,  s/i.  and  I;  the  former  of 
which,  only,  requires  a  different  character. 

27.  The  second  sign  lor  r  is  a  straight  line  struck 
upward  at  an  angle  of  thirty  degrees;  thus,  /^       Though 
this  character  is  specially  available  in  writing  words  re- 
quiring two   or   more   consonants,  yet   it   is    frequently 
used  alone,  as  /S  ri/<-;  and  more  frequently  when  termi- 
nating with  a  circle  or  hook,  (Lessons  IV,  VI,)  when  it 
is  less  likely  to  be  confounded  with  r/i,  written  down- 
ward and  of  nearly  tlie  same  inclination  ;  in  neither  case, 
however,  is  there  any  difficulty  experienced  by  the  adept, 
since  the  sense  of  the   preceding  words   nearly  always 
suggests  what  the  following  word  is. 

28.  When  written   in   connection  with  other  conso- 
nants, there  is  never  any  ambiguity,  since  it  can  be  seen 

» 

(43)""" 


44  MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

at  a  glance  whether  the  stroke  is  written  upward  or 
downward;  thus,  [X'  tr,  J  tch,  /\  rt.  So  that  while 
the  rule  is  that  ch  shall  be  written  at  an  angle  of  sixty 
degrees,  and  r  at  an  angle  of  thirty  degrees,  they  may 
both  be  written  at  the  same  inclination,  except  when 
either  is  the  only  consonant  in  a  word,  and  except,  also, 
when  one  of  them  immediately  follows  the  other,  as  /"/, 
in  which  case  necessity  compels  one  to  be  written  at  a 
different  inclination  from  the  other. 

29.  The  rule  that  the  beginning  of  a  consonant  stroke 
is  where  the  first-place  vowel  is  written,  and  the  termina- 
tion of  a  stroke  the   third-place,   must  be   observed   in 
vocalizing   this  up -stroke  r:   thus,    ^  reach,  //  \  ripe, 
"^l   charity. 

RULES  FOR  WRITING  It  UPWARD  OR  DOWNWARD.* 

30.  The  following  rules  in  regard  to  the  use  of  the 
two  forms  of  r,  will  guide  the  learner  to  the  best  forms 
of  words: 

First.  The  up-stroke  should  be  used  when  the  follow- 
ing consonant  is  to  be  written  downward,  as  in  the 
examples  above.  (29.) 

Second.  When  r  is  the  initial  letter  of  a  word,  and  is 
followed  by  the  s-circle,  it-hook,  (see  Lessons  IV  and 
VIII,)  k,  </,  f,  I,  or  another  r,  the  up-stroke  is  employed; 
as  /* rogue,  /^j  rash,  /-^7  rule,  /^  rare.  But 
if  a  vowel  precede  r  as  the  first  consonant,  the  down- 
stroke  is  employed;  as,  •• —  arc,  VN>  Irish,  'V  early, 

A_^  error. 

Third.  Whenever  preceded  by  v,  th,  or  m,  the  upward 
r  is  employed;  as  \^_/  veer,  (~\/  theory,  <^/  mire. 


*  These  rules  may  bo  passed  over  without  much  studying  at  first :  but 
on  reviewing  the  lessons  they  should  be  well  understood  and  applied. 


(IN     WRITING     THK     IP-STKOKE     R. 


45 


Fourth.  Whenever  followed  by  n  or  ny  the  up-stroke 
is  employed;  /*  rainy,  /^  "  wrong. 

Fifth.  When  r  is  the  final  stroke  consonant  in  a  word, 
and  followed  l>y  a  voice!,  the  up~ttroke  is  to  be  used,  as  in 
the  words  \^/'  l»n-i/. /  carry;  but  if  no  vowel  fol- 
lows, the  down-stroke  is  employed;  as  \.  poor,  ~~\  car. 

Sixth.  When  one  r  follows  another,  except  at  the  be- 
ginning of  a  word  when  preceded  by  a  vowel  (as  in 
error,)  they  are  both  written  upward;  as  ^f^\  rarify, 


X /••  •/////.    When    followed   by  m,   the    down-stroke   is 
always  used;  as     V—-J  room,    /  diarm. 


EXERCISE  VI. 


A 


1X7    1 


xr 


MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  VI. 

Repel,  retjr,  redem,  redi,  ratifj,  ravaj,  pqrti,  dcrjd,  arjv, 
nrj,  erft ;  raj,  rak,  riketi. 

Boro,  feri,  jvori,  teori,  kari,  memori,  rotari,  turoli,  mer, 
demijr,  aclmjr. 

Ifandom,   reform,   rayk,   reanimat,  adorin. 

Boroer,  borer,  barier,  inferior,  naroer,  kurier,  miror,  derer, 
Jerer,  karer. 

[Down-stroke  R.~\     Rern,  qm,  remedi,  remo>v. 

RULES  FOR  WRITING  L  AND  SH. 

31.  L  and  sh  may  be  written  upward  or  downward 
without  any  change  of  form ;  and  in  vocalizing,  or  read- 
ing, the  direction  in  which  they  were  made,  as  in  the  ease 

of  the  up-stroke  r.  will  be  known   by   their  connection 

/"~  ^"i  J^ 

with  other  consonant  signs;  as  £_J, -«»#>    •  >•    leave,  <? 

s/iop,  ^J    sJiftwl. 

32.v  The  following  rules  will  guide,  as  near  as  possi- 
ble, to  the  most  approved  use  of  I: 

First.  When  I  is  the  initial  letter  of  a  word,  and  fol- 
lowed by  /.-,  p.  or  »»,  the  up-stroke  I  is  employed;  as 

(^         like,  *  lean  ire.  /^~         limb.      But   if  a  vowel 

•"  S--'        •      *•/"' 

precedes,  the  down-stroke  "is  used,  as. (__  alike,  ^—%  helm. 

When  other  consonants  follow  Ik,  Ig,  Im,  the  I  may  be 
written  either  upward  or  downward. 

Second.  Immediately  before  and  after  n  and  ng,  the 
down-stroke  is  employed;  as  -^  nail,  £, —  link.  If  a 
down -stroke  letter  is  to  follow  /  after  H,  the  up-stroke  / 
must  be  employed ;  as  ^f*/' analogy. 

Third.  AVhen  /  is  the  final  consonant  in  a  word,  and 
preceded  by  /,  r,  or  upward  r,  without  a  final  vowel,  it 
is  written  downward ;  as  ^C  feel,  4  V  revile,  *• — *</ 


ON     WHITING     A    AND    ."//.  47 

But  if  a  vowtrl  follows,  the  up-strokc  is  used,  as 
folly,      ^^  «•///. 
Fourth.    After  n  and  ??^r,  a   final  I  is  always  written 
downward,  even  though  followed  by  a  vowel,  as^.  lonely, 

~^-  kingly. 

Fifth.  Final  7,  following  all  other  consonants  but/,  w, 
up  stroke  r,  ft  and  »y.  is  written  upward,  whether  a  vowel 
follows  or  not;  as  \/^  peal,  /""  roo/.  x-r-*/  mtiil. 

33.  N/i  is  usually  written  downward;  before  /,  however, 
and  after  /  and  r,  it  is  nearly  always  written  upward; 


KEAM.NG  KXERCISE  VII. 


r, 

/"  "  *  x — ^ 

V 

WRITING  EXERCISE  VII. 

NOTE. — In  this  exorcise  and  the  next  one.  up-stroke  r  and  sTi,  and 
down-stroke  /,  will  be  indicated  by  italic  letters. 

Lek,   ]jk,    luk,   log,    lorn,    legasi. 

LqnCj,  7ar)k,  A-nf1.  A'ljHli,  A'nsi,  ?unq?  fc7ig  ; — ann',  on7i, 
kaiia/ ; — analitik,  analoji,  enlq7J  ; — f  j/,  fo;7,  vi/,  unfa/in,  reve/, 
unva/. 

//c/,    rea/,   ra/,   re/m,    ka»o/,   bare7,    peri/. 
Felo,  fuli,  vali,  ?-ali,  rrali,  tealiti; — menZi,  felipZi,  luvi|)?i ; 
— /ili,  /el,  /alo  ; — da/,    navi/,    cfi/ensi,    defi/ensi. 
lij,    publij,    polij,    abolij,   »-aJli. 


48  MANUAL    OP    PHONOGRAPHY. 

VOVEL  WORD-SIGXS. 

34.  By  a  ivord-siyn  is  meant  the  use  of  a  single 
character  of  the  alphabet  to  represent  an  entire  word. 
This  scheme  is  resorted  to  that  the  penman  may  attain 
greater  speed  in  writing;  and  those  words  are  chosen 
thus  to  be  represented  which  occur  the  most  frequently 
in  composition;  twenty-five  of  them  actually  constituting 
one-fourth  of  any  given  chapter  or  discourse,  and  one 
hundred  of  them  amounting  to  almost  half.  The  signs 
are  so  chosen  as  to  suggest,  generally,  the  words  they 
represent.  Words  thus  represented  are  called  slg 
when  we  wish  to  distinguish  them  from  other  words. 


the  a  and,  an  I  how 


all  two         already      before       ought          who 

too  oh 


of  to  or  but  on        should 

35.  Only  two  places,  the  first  and  last,  or  above  and 
on  the  line,  are  used  in  writing  the  vowel  word-signs, 
because  without  a  consonant  it  would  be  impossible  to 
determine  between  a  first  and  second-place  position.  If 
the  word  to  be  represented  contains  a  first-place  vowel 
sound,  the  sign  is  written  above  the  line;  if  a  second  or 
third-place,  it  is  written  on  the  line.  No  confusion 
arises  from  bringing  second-place  vowels  down  to  the 
thud  position,  since,  when  the  second-place  sign  is 
thus  transferred,  the  third-place  sign  is  not  used  as  a 
word-sign,  and  when  the  third  is  used  the  second  is  not. 


MARKS    OP    PUNCTUATION.  49 

36.  The  is  a  word-sign  that  often  follows  immediately 
after  most  of  the  others,  and  in  order  to  avoid  lifting  the 
pen  to  write  each  separately,  it  is  joined  to  the  preceding 
sign  in  the  shape  of  a  light  tick;  thus,  >  of  the,?  on  the, 
>.  to  the. 

MARKS  OP  PUNCTUATION:  x  period,  J  colon,  £  in- 
terrogation, \  wonder,  jf  grief,  ?  laughter,  (  )  paren- 
theses; the  comma  and  semi-colon  may  be  written  as  in 
common  manuscript. 

An  emphatic  word  or  sentence  is  indicated  by  a  waved 
line  being  drawn  beneath  it;  thus,  ^7;  if  it  is  desired  to 
indicate  that  a  word  should  commence  with  a  capital  let- 
ter, it  is  shown  by  two  parallel  lines  being  written  under 
it;  thus,  ^ 

READING  EXERCISE  VII E. 


A     *  '  ^  s     /          /\r 

/j  i  x  v     *  —  -y.  ^~r^  •)  ^  <  'Vj. 


J         vl         -v     iv 

X          ..I      .  t—     )      I 


V  v    NT    /--^-^        I 

\  x      X        >  ^^/: 


50  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  VIII. 

NOTE. — In  the  following  and  a  few  subsequent  exercises  the  sign-words 
thus  far  introduced  will  be  indicated  by  being  enclosed  in  quotation 
marks.  As  additional  ones  are  spoken  of,  they  will  be  indicated  in  the 
same  way. 

When  the  may  be  united  with  a  preceding  word,  they  will  be  connected 
by  a  hyphen. 

Gariti  tariet  ?orj;  hjdeti  muq  n>n;  qen'Jeft  no  il;  aperet  holli 
luvli  amurj  us.  'cle'  erfi  'and'  'de'  a/.  A  Ijvli  'and'  hapi,  'but' 
gidi,  ber.  (E  o  nufiin.  'tie'  het  'ov-de'  fjr.  Go  'tia-de'  dor. 

He  ma  rjt  'el-de'  tjm.  La  it  'on-de'  /elf.  Go  'tu'  mj  Jop 
'and'  rip  'de'  bel.  Q  Jadi  pore;  'and'  ka>/in  Jser.  Ma  hqrmoni 
Zog  abjd  in  ^r  qurcj. 

FcDlij"  ber!  'hs'  da/  'he'  lavi/  mj  muni  'on'  so  vjl  a  pol- 
isi?  '91'  'boo'  no  'de'  rjt  /ud'  da>  it. 


REVIEW. — (26.)  Which  are  the  letters  that  may  be  written  either  up- 
ward or  downward  ?  (27.)  Explain  the  up-stroke  r  as  compared  with  ch. 
(28.)  In  words  containing  more  than  one  consonant,  how  is  up-stroke  r 
distinguished  from  ch?  (29.)  Where  are  the  first  and  third  place  vowels 
put  to  the  up-stroke  rf  (30.)  Give  the  first  rule  for  writing  r;  the  sec- 
ond, ditto;  third:  fourth:  fifth:  sixth;  seventh?  (31.)  How  is  it  determined 
when  the  strokes  sh,  r,  I  are  written  upward?  (32.)  Give  the  first  rule 
for  writing  I;  the  second:  third:  fourth;  fifth?  (33.)  Under  what  circum- 
stance is  sh  nearly  always  written  upward  ?  (3i. )  What  is  a  word-sign  ? 
Explain  the  difference  between  a  word-sign  and  a  sign- word.  (35.) 
What  is  the  word  represented  by  the  first  place  heavy  dot  ?  The  third 
place  heavy  dot  ?  Third  place  light  dot?  The  diphthongs?  What  three 
words  does  the  first  place  heavy  dash  represent  ?  What  three  the  third 
place  heavy  dash  ?  What  three  the  first  place  light  dash  ?  What,  three 
the  third  place  light  dash?  (36.)  What  is  the  practice  in  writing  the 
after  other  word- signs. 


-ft. 


THE  CIRCLE  S  AND  Z—OOM,  COX,  LVG,  AND  HP  — 
CONSONANT  WORD-SIGNS. 

The  fact  that  s  and  z  represent  sounds  of  very  fre- 
quent recurrence,  renders  it  necessary,  in  order  to 
secure  the  greatest  brevity  and  beauty  in  writing,  that 
they  be  furnished  with  an  additional  sign.  Indeed, 
each  subsequent  chapter  of  these  lessons  is  but  to 
introduce  some  more  abbreviated  method  of  writing; 
which,  while  it  seems  to  render  the  system  more  com- 
plex, adds  to  it  new  beauty  as  well  as  value. 

37.  The  second  forms  for  s  and  z  are,  a  small  circle, 
made  light  for  the  first,  and  thickened  on  one  side  for 
the  latter;  thus,  o  s,  o  z;  the  thickening  of  the  z-circle, 
however,  is  scarcely  ever  necessary,  as  the  sense  will 
nearly  always  indicate  whether  the  circle  should  be  s  or 
2.  Where  great  precision  is  requisite,  the  stroke  z 
should  be  used. 

The  circle  is  used  much  more  frequently  than  the 
stroke  s;  it  is  employed,  however,  only  in  connection 
with  stroke  consonants,  except  as  a  word-sign.  The 
table  on  the  following  page  will  assist  the  learner  in 
fixing  in  his  mind  the  peculiar  connection  the  circle  has 
with  each  long  sign ;  it  will  also  be  of  service  for  refer- 
ence, in  writing  out  the  exercises  in  the  lesson. 


(51) 


52  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

TABLE   OF  THE   CIRCLE  S. 

\  sp                [  st  /     sch  Q —  sk 

\  sb        .        I    sd  X°  sj  Q —  sg 

X.  sf                (    sth  J  ss  ^_y  ssli 

V,  sv                (    sth  )  sz  ^/  szh 

6      si  )  sr  o/  sr 

6~~^  sm        (>_>  sn  £ — •  sng  ^  sw         £    sh 

38.  The  stroke  y  never  takes  an  initial  circle,  because 
not  needed;  it  is  used  on  its  termination,  however.     The 
table  presents  the  circle  written  only  at  the  initial  end 
of  the  strokes,  whereas  it  may  be  written  at  either  end, 
according  as  it  is  desired  to  read  before  or  after  the 
stroke;  thus,  \o  ps,  — o  Ars,     j  tcs,  <X^A«;  and  it  may 
also,  of  course,  be  written  between  two  strokes;  thus, 

|    kst,  \o^,fsn. 

39.  The  learner  must  observe  the  following  rules  in 
writing  the  circle: 

First.  On  all  the  straight  vertical  and  inclined  strokes 
it  is  written  on  the  right-hand  side,  both  beginning  and 
end. 

Second.  On  the  straight  horizontal  signs,  which  in- 
clude the  up-stroke  r,  since  it  is  nearer  horizontal  than 
vertical,  it  is  written  on  the  upper  side. 

Third.  It  is  written  on  the  inner  or  concave  side  of 
all  the  curved  signs.  Compare  the  foregoing  with  the 
table. 

Fourth.  When  it  comes  between  two  consonants  it  is 
turned  in  the  shortest  way;  thus,  J tsk,  /^  chsn, 


ON   WHITING   THE   CIRCLE   S  AND    Z.  53 

40.  In  vocalizing  words  in  which  the  circle  8  is  used, 
the  vowel-signs  are  to  be  placed  to  the  strokes  before 
which  or  after  which  they  are  heard,  without  any  refer- 
ence to  the  circle.  As  rules  to  assist  the  learner  in 
reading  words  containing  the  circle  s,  the  following  ob- 
servations are  sufficiently  explicit: 

First.  If  there  is  an  initial  circle,    it  is  always  read 

first,  and  then  the  vowel  that  precedes  the  stroke,  and 

•  p  %>-- 

lastly  the  stroke  itself,   as  I  scat,  a  —  :  sack,  &      aonl. 

Second.  If  no  vowel  precedes  the  stroke,  the  circle, 
stroke,  and  following  vowel  are  read,  in  the  order 

QV  /^~ 

named  ;  as   \  spy,  \-  stoic,  o_Y     scale. 

Third.  When  the  circle  terminates  a  word,  it  isialways 

t1  r.  * 

this,   -j-o  goes.  {  looks, 

6~~*>  seems,  ^  enjoys,  ^\>  suppose;  when  written  between 
two  strokes,  its  relation  to  the  vowels  is  always  evident, 
as  will  be  seen  in  examining  £,  lessen,  *]  excite. 

HEADING  EXERCISE  IX. 

f    t  *-  <r  f  *    t   *t  y>  *- 


V" 


MANUAL   Or   PHONOGRAPHY. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  IX. 

Sip,  scop,  sap,  sop,  set,  s^d,  set.  set,  sej,  stiq,  sek,  sok,  sav, 
sj4,  sxfl,  sez,  saj,  ser,  ssr,  sel,  sol,  sam,  sum,  sjn,  som,  sin, 
stink. 

Spj,  sta,  8kj,  sla,  slo,  slj,  sno.  Pes,  daz,  qez,  jerz,  gas, 
fez,  vjs,  <Iis,  doz,  Joz,  raz,  rjs,  -grz,  las,  rajs,  njs. 

Spek,  spok,  skem,  sfer,  slep,  slak,  smok,  smel,  snal,  sink. 
Besto,  beset,  task,  itself,  spas,  spesifj,  skjz,  sikst,  ai]kjus, 
sedijus,  risk,  resjt,  rezn,  denjz,  solas,  holmes,  qozn,  mason. 


41.  There  are  four  cases  where  the  long  s  or  z  must 
always  be  employed  :     First,  when  it  is  the  only  stroke 
consonant  in  a  word;  as,    ')  ace,    )  ease,  )~so.     Second, 
when  it  is  the  first  consonant  and  preceded  by  a  vowel; 

as  •/ ask,    *r-\    escape.      Third,    when    two    distinct 

vowel  sounds  come  between  the  s  and  following  conso- 

\v 

nant;  as  in  the  word  LIP  science.  Fourth,  when  s  or  z  is 
the  last  consonajit  in  a  word  and  followed  by  a  vowel ; 
as  *{]"  <7?so,  \O  palsy.  Fifth,  when  z  commences  a 
word;  as  }  zeal,  rf  t  Zlon. 

42.  When  the  sound  of  s  or  2  is  heard  twice  in   the 
same  syllable,  either  of  two  forms  may  be  used,  ss,    J  or 
j  ss4;  if  the  last  sound  is  that  of  z  the  circle  should  be 
made  first  and  the  stroke  be  written  heavy;  thus,  v^  size. 

43.  When  the  indistinct  vowel  i  or  e  comes  between 
ss  or  an  s  and  a  z,  or  between  zz,  in  the  middle  or  at  the 
end  of  a  word,  the  syllable   is  represented  by  a   circle 
double   the  usual  size ;  thus,     NO  pieces,  £  chooses,  xo 
suffices,  ^C^necessary.     It  should  never  begin  a  word,  as 
in  system.     In  the  word  exercise,  it  is  allowable  to  put  the 
diphthong  /  in  the  double  circle,  thus,       •  £P 


1'KKHXKS    <'».lf     AND    l'<>.\ — -AFFIX.     IXii.  55 

44.     The  circle  is  used  as  a   word-sign  lor  is,  written 
above  the  line,  thus,    °  ;  and  for  <ix,  written  on  the  line, 
thu>.  •)-,    with    the    dot   aspirate    prefixed   the}    become 
ln's,   .0  h'ts. 


READING   EXERCISE  X. 

/o 

<*?  '  — 


V       \          ")      V        \     \ 
L,     L-      /     rf     x     XD   • 


"\VRITIXO   EXERCISE  X. 

jsi,    aslfp,    esj.^zal,    asjnz,   s^onz ;  —  bizi,    spjsi,    lazi, 
rsa,  ekselensi,   obstinasi,  epilepsi,  suHJeiisi;  —  eooloji,  zero, 
zclusli    ziirza*r 

Scs,  sos,  sez,  sez,  sisorz,  sizm. 

Basis,  dosez,  qo>zez,  kisez,  diskusez,  v^scz,  ?nsez,  relesez, 
egzist,  pozesor. 


THE   PREFIXES   CO.V  AND    COX—  THE   AFFIX  JXG. 

4.").  For  the  sake  of  rendering  Phonography  as  brief 
as  possible,  a  few  arbitrary  signs  are  used,  for  the  repre- 
sentation <if  prefixes  and  syllables  in  such  words  as 
would  lie  inconvenient  to  write  out  in  full.  Thus,  a 
light  dot  placed  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  expresses 
the  prefix  cum  or  con;  as,  t-^  condemn  ^  £  cunx"l<-; 


4G.  A  similar  dot  placed  at  the  end  of  a  word  is 
usi-1  to  represent  the  termination  ///;/.  when  a  separate 
syllable;  as.  «j  iii<l!n<j.  f  \^  licing.  Ring,  thing,  li-imj. 
A:<-  .  are  written  with  the  stroke  -  —  •.  It  is  often  more 


56  MANUAL   OP    PHONOGRAPHY. 

convenient,  especially  when  following  the  circle  s  or  up- 
stroke r,  to  write  the  alphabetic  ng;  as  >£__,,  passing, 
\^3  confessing,  /""  rising;  and  after  J>,  LI,  br1  th, 
m;  as,^A  nothing,  °^^ 'seeming.  Generally  ^^ 
is  written  for  ings;  as  \^  beings,  ^^Y}  rejoicings.  A 
dash  may  be  used  when  more  convenient;  as  |  do- 
ings, </^\  headings. 

47.  MP. — The  stroke  for  m  is  the  only  one  that  is 
not  given  in  the  alphabet  heavy  as  well  as  light;  and  in 
order  to  make  good  use  of  all  the  means  the  alphabet 
affords,  this  stroke  written  heavy  is  made  to  represent 
the  not  unfrequent  combination  of  m  with  p,  either  at 
the  beginning,  middle,  or  end  of  a  word;  thus,  C^ 
empire,  [^x^  temporary,  f~  lamp. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  XI. 

Komit,  kompoz,  kompjil,  kompozin,  kombat,  kontaminat, 
kontenfus,  konvinsip,  konva.  konspjr,  konspirasi,  konsolato?-i, 
konsulfip,  konservatizm,  konjusnes; — paii),  hopin,  iljiij,  etin, 
goig,  herig,  i'erig. 

Pnmp,  tempi,  temporal,  damp,  jurnpin,  rump,  tump,  sim- 
plifj,  sim^lisiti,  egzampl,  romp,  limp. 

CONSONANT  WORD-SIGNS. 

On  the  following  page  is  given  an  alphabetic  arrange- 
ment of  all  the  simple  consonant  word-signs.  Let  them 
be  copied  a  few  times  in  the  order  presented,  which,  in 
connection  with  the  powers  of  the  letters,  will  enable 
the  mind  to  recollect  the  words  for  which  they  stand. 
The  circle  s  may  be  added  to  any  consonant  sign  for  the 
formation  of  plural  nouns,  or  the  third  person  singular, 
present  tense,  of  verbs;  thus,  N — 9  things,  f  advantages, 
o  comes,  (  thinks. 


CONSONANT    WORD-SIGNS.  57 

CONSONANT   WORD-SIGNS. 

i   -A  /      i  •  i  ( common 

\  up  it  /    which          4 

(  come 

\  be  do  /  advantage   <  <l~ 

(  together 

V.    for '         (    think        J  so  _J  shall 

V    have        (    them          j  was  J  usual-ly 

f    will  /    ^\  are  c     he 

^ N  ^  me,  my  f  in  f  thing 

{  him,  may    v — '  {  no  1  language 

A     way  f     your      - — -  S  importmit-ce 

I  improve-ment 

48.  In  the  above,  and  all  other  lists  of  word-signs, 
when  a  word  is  printed  with  a  hyphen,  as  give-in,  the  sign 
will  represent  either  the  whole  word,  or  only  so  much  as 
precedes  the  hyphen,  which  is,  by  itself,  another  word ; 
thus,          is   either  give   or  given.      Such   words  being 
nearly  alike  in  sound,  and  yet  different  parts  of  speech, 
or  otherwise  incapable  of  being  taken  one  for  the  other, 
cause  no  difficulty  to  the  reader. 

49.  Inasmuch  as  the  horizontal  strokes   do   not  fill 
the   space  which  a  line  of  writing    occupies,   they  are 
made  to  represent  two  words,  as  in  the  case  of  the  vowel 
word-signs,  one  above   the   line  and  the   other  on   the 
Hue — those  written  above  the  line  containing  first-place 
vowels;  those  on  the  line,  second  or  third -place. 

50.  There  are  but  three  exceptions  to  this  rule  of 
position,  (See  §16,)   namely:  any,  though  its  accented 
vowel  is  second-place,  is  written  above  the  line,  so  that 
if  left   unvocalized  it  will   not  be  confounded  with  no; 
/tint,  containing  a  first-place  vowel,  is  written  on  the  line 
to  keep  it  from  being  confounded  with  me;  men  is  writ- 
ten above,  to  keep  it  clear  of  man,  on  the  line. 


58 


MANUAL    OP    PHONOGRAPHY. 


READING  EXERCISE  XI. 


\   /I'  V     A  x 


v 
\ 

V 

\o 


c 


X  X  \ 

o       •      -v 


\ 


<LJ> 


\o     .    I 


•) 


S  V 

O 


V 
\-    * 


EXERCISE     AND     REVIEW.  59 


WHITING   EXERCISE   XII. 

i  Ijk  'no'  kiijilom  'A?.'  j  Mo>'  a  republik.  <!'Da>'  da  'fcink' 
da  '\vil'  'kum'  'up'  'tu-de'  mqrk.  (1  t'e/ig  'ov'  o  'Jiid'  fi/  dj  sol 
'in'  dis  fioli  Ass.  Asperiti  Ubzez  'de'  qef  'ov'  'its'  dezjnz. 
'Hi/,'  lazines  'iz'  eksesiv;  'he'  disljks  'hiz'  buks.  'Hiz'  fansi 
iz  'yugnali'  nq,  ';ind'  'liiz'  dezinz  tul  'ov'  Ijt.  <:'Haz'  dis  juj 
'no'  justis.  Oncsti  'iz'  rjt  polisi.  'Ol'  eskap  'tui-de'  siti 
'iz'  hoples. 

'•'Xud'  'de'  nam  'be'  put  'on-de'  «tsjd  'and'  'on-de'  top 
'ov-de'  boks.  <:'Hs'  nieni  '(ir'  'tu'  go.  'It'  'iz'  'to'  muq  'tu' 
besto  'on'  'd^m'.  7/isn  'tu.-de'  /eson,  'and'  'be'  bizi,  'az'  a 
IKJ  'Jud'  'be'  'liU)'  aspi/-z  'tu'  'be'  at  'de'  lied  'ov-de'  sko>/. 
Sinser  soro  'iz'  ezili  sen  besjd  fo/s.  So/al  Ijt'  'givz'  inuq 
hapines. 

(Isk  'no'  fiisiliti  'in'  biznes  af^rz,  un?es  'it'  'be'  nesesari. 
Sunset  senen  Joz  riq  kulorz  'and'  handbiim  Jadz;  'and'  'it' 
qanjez  intu.  nieni  varid  fonnz.  7ti(jez  'qr'  set  bj  sum,  'az'-'de' 
sors  'ov'  jtr  'iu'  dis  l^t',  bekoz  reali  nesesa/'i,  'az'  da  supoz. 


REVIEW. — (37.)  What  are  the  second  forms  for  s  and  z?  (38.)  When; 
may  the  circle  be  written  ?  (39.)  On  which  side  of  the  vertical  and  in- 
clined strokes  is  it  turned?  Which  side  of  the  straight  horizontal.*  ? 
Which  side  of  all  the  curves?  Hn\v  is  it  written  between  two  strokes? 
(41*. )  How  are  strokes  having  an  «-circle  vocalized?  If  there  be  an  initial 
circle  and  preceding  vowel,  what  is  the  order  of  reading  ?  If  vowels  both 
precede  and  follow,  what  is  the  ordor  ?  (41.)  How  many  cases  are  there 
where  the  stroke  *  must  be  used?  What  is  the  first?  second?  third?  and 
fourth?  i  I-.  How  >h<>uld  the  an  in  the  same  syllable  be  written?  How 
.vr/1  ):!.  >  What  syllables  dors  ihr  double  circle  represent?  What  is  the 
exception?  l  4  t.  i  What  are  th-.'  sign-words  for  the  circle?  (45.)  What 
are  the  prefix.-*?  (  4'i.  i  What  is  the  affix?  When  is  it  more  convenient 
to  write  the  iilnhali -tii;  /<•//  !  47.)  What  is  the  signification  of  in  made 
heavy?  4S.  i  (Jive  the  words  for  the  first  eight  consonant  signs:  for  the 
next  eight:  for  the  next  seven.  (49.)  What  is  the  rule  for  writing  words 
whose  only  consonant  is  a.  horizontal  one?  (iO.j  What  are  the  three 
exceptions  ? 


5. 


IMPROPER   DIPHTHONGS—  TF-HOOK  —  TRIPHTHONGS. 

51.  The  improper  diphthongs  are  so  termed  because 
they  consist  of  the  union  of  consonants  with  vowels  ; 
namely,  w  and  y  with  each  of  the  twelve  vowels  ; — the 
improper  triphthongs  are  the  union  of  w  with  the  diph- 
thongs j,  G-,  and  TS.  The  fact  that  w  and  y  never  occur 
in  English  except  before  vowels,  and  thus  occur  so 
frequently,  induced  the  inventor  of  Phonography  to 
represent  each  of  the  combined  sounds  by  a  single 
letter,  and  thus  save  time  and  space  for  the  writer. 

TF-SERIES. 

THE  DOT  GROUP.  THE  DASH  GROUP. 


long.  short. 


long.  short. 


we  i  wi 

wo  >|  wu 

wo)  ,|  wu 

52.  To  obtain  suitable  characters  for  the  representa- 
tion of  the  w-series,  a  small  circle  is  divided  perpendicu- 
larly, thus  V,  the  first  or  left-hand  half  of  the  circle 
representing  the  union  of  w  with  the  first,  or  dot  series 
of  vowels;  and  like  them  it  is  made  heavy  for  the  long 
sounds;  as  CN\.  weep,  <•/  wage,  ^-f  quam;  and  light 
for  the  short;  as  /  witch,  y  dwell, '_  icag. 


IMPROPER    DIPHTHONGS.  61 

53.     The   second   half  of  the   circle   represents  the 
union  of  w  with  the  second,  or  dash  series  of  vowels, 
heavy  and  light;  as      V — ^  warm,  A^_  tcoce,  v_  woof,  / 
watch,  *  v — vtcornt,    ,1  icmd<L 

54  The  first  place  sign  of  the  second  series  of  diph- 
thongs, both  long  and  short,  when  followed  by  fc,  up- 
stroke r,  or  »,  is  written  in  connection  with  such  conso- 
nants; thus,5 —  walk,  ./  war,  2 — x  wan. 

55.  These  signs  should  be  written  as  small  as  they 
well  can  be  and  preserve  distinct  semi-circles;  and,  like 
the  proper  diphthongs,  they  must  always  be  written 
vertically,  and  not  change  with  the  different  inclinations 
of  the  consonants. 


READING  EXERCISE  XII. 


•/  -^  r  r 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XIII. 

Wek,  AS'at,  wav,  weknes,  bevval,  swa.r,  aswaj,  \vajcz; — widfi, 
wet,  wqt't,  wiked,  s\vel,  kwak,  ekwiti,  akwies,  relinkwij". 

Weker,  wok,  w<E<l,  wermli,  kwoto,  kworum; — woe;,  wud, 
wojig,  skvvolid,  sworn  p. 

Worl^k,  worfqr,  worti,  wokigstik. 


62  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

56.  THE    TT-HOOK.— The  half  circle,  light,  is  joined  to 
the  first  end  of  /,  up-stroke  r,  m,  and  w,  to  represent  the 
simple  sound  of  to;, the  stroke  to  which  it  is  written  is 
then  vocalized  as   in  the  case  of  the  s-circle;  thus,  *f 
ioail,  6f     worry,     £   *~*~~f'   womanly.  <^i^  icanc. 

57.  The   alphabetic  sign   rnust  always  be  employed 
when  10  is  the  only  consonant  in  a  word,  (except  in  the 
word-sign   c  we;)  and  in  words  that  commence  with  a 
vowel,  followed  by  w;  and  also  when  w  is  followed  by  s; 
thus,      }woe,     }* aicake,    ^-     Wesley. 


READING  EXERCISE  XIII. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XIV. 

Walip,  wel,  wilinli,  Wi^on,  kwel,  ekwali;  —  Woles,  wuli; 
—  weri,  bewa/,  \va^r/t«s,  wmsum;  —  kworel,  wurk,  wurkman- 
Jip,  wurjip,  wurtles,  wurdili. 


Wompum,  AvumanZik,  sk  \vemijnes;  —  windo,  kwenq,  twenti, 
tvvinj,  entwjn.  Wjr,  kweri,  inkwjr,  wel-bein,  skvvolor,  elo- 
kwens,  ekwanimiti. 

Woo,  aw^r,  wizli. 


TRIPHTHONGS.  63 


TRIPHTHONGS. 


58.  The  characters  with  which  to  represent  the  com- 
bination of  10  with  the  diphthongs,  are  obtained  by 
dividing  a  small  square  thus,  tS^  ;  the  left-hand  right- 
angle.  in  the  first  position,  representing  the  triphthong 
iri,  the  other,  in  the  first  position,  woi,  and  in  the  third, 
irtitr;  thus,  Llv__  in'fr,  ^  i/ttoif.  Since  the  introduction 
of  the  K-hook  to  r,  7,  m,  n,  the  wow  character  is  not 
needed  in  writing  English.  Sometimes  L  may  be  con- 

nected with  the  following  consonant;  as  |  wide,  \^wifc. 

."»!).  Jiy  placing  the  aspirate  before  these  improper 
diphthongs  and  triphthongs,  we  get  the  proper  represen- 
tation of  the  first  two  sounds  in  such  words  as  whcuf, 
n'liiij,  while,  (the  w  coming  before  the  h  in  the  old 
orthography  being  an  inversion  of  the  order  of  the 
elements  in  speaking  the  words;)  thus,  'c|  wheat,  -  — 
whig. 

GO.  When  the  ic-hook  is  used,  the  aspirate  is  indi- 
cated by  making  the  hook  heavy;  thus,  .£""  ichcel, 
c/'^-.  wherefore.  But  when  the  alphabetic  w  is  em- 
ployed, the  aspirate  is  indicated  by  a  small  tick,  thus, 
''A  whiz. 

READING  EXERCISE  XIV. 


.x/V  «>f '.< 

^  -\__v- 


64 


MANUAL    OP    PHONOGRAPHY. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XV. 

Wjvz,  kwjet,  wjdnes,  kwjetnes,  kwcrt,  I  ikwer. 

Hwip,  hwjit,  hwigeri; — hw^rbj.  Wajwitl  h\va_rat,  hwerlpml, 
enihwqr,  nohwqr; — hwelbaro,  hwtlrjt,  hwi'er,  hwimzikaliti, 
hwelm; — hwens,  hwjn; — hwiskcr,  hwislcr. 


JF  WORD-SIUNS. 

c 


we 


c 
were 


with 


what 


> 

would 


why         while 


when 


one         where         well 


61.     These  word-signs,  like  the  simple  vowel-signs, 
are  to  be  written  above  or  on  the  line,  as  their  positions 
\    in  the  table  indicate, 

READING  EXERCISE  XV. 


nX 


iv 
V-N) 


I     c 


EXERC1SK    ON    IMPROPER    DIPHTHONCS.  (!.") 


C   L 

x  :     / 


Hi      X     . 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XVI. 

ov-rte'  wjn  kup.  (I  \vj.z  qa.s.  'We'  Svu'l'  'be'  hapi 
\vid'  'hi/.'  kumpani.  '  H\vj_'  'ju  1'  '\ve'  kil  'and'  et  sw^n? 
'Hwot'  'i/'  'liix.'  \vi|,  'and'  'Inv^r'  '\vuul'  'he'  go?  'H\vj',  o! 
'h\vj',  'mj'  sol,  dis  aggwij. 

$  go  awa  'h\v^r'  aijzjeti,  wo  'and'  agkjus  terl  asal  no  'wun'. 
'\Vud'  j  '\ver'  at  ham.  "VVor  wurks  mizeri,  'hwjl'  pes  'givz' 
kqm  repoz  'tu'  'ol'. 


66 


MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 


J'-SERIES. 


THE    DOT   GROUP. 

long.  short. 

I/:  «./':        • 

i   ye  ;   yi 

«  ya  -!  ye 

ya 


THE   IJA9H    GROUP. 

long.  short. 

re  i  yo 


vo 


•si  y^ 


G2.  To  obtain  characters  to  represent  the  ^-series  of 
improper  diphthongs,  the  small  circle  is  taken  and 
divided  horizontally,  thus,  — 3~;  the  under  half  repre- 
sents the  dot  group  of  vowels,  and  is  made  heavy  for  the 
long  sounds;  as,  W"N\  year,  "7^  Yale,  Jf  Yazoo;  and  light 
for  the  short;  as,  ")  yi$,  (a  common  but  not  approved 
pronunciation  of  yes,)  f  ~  yell,  ,--v  yam;  the  upper 
half  represents  the  union  of  y  with  the  da'sh  group  of 
vowels,  heavy  and  light;  as,  A/'"  yawl,  _*__  yoke,  „)  use; 
— ^  y"nt  ^zs  y°un9>  y  never  occurs  before  ivt,  in  the 
English  language. 

63.  In  writing,  the  same  rules  must  be  observed  in 
regard  to  these  signs  as  with  the  w-series.  (§52.) 


64. 


WORD-SIGNS.  — 

ye, 

years, 


yet,     beyond,         you. 


READING  EXERCISE  XVI. 


KXKKCISKS    ox    IMl'Itol'KR    DIPHTHONGS. 


(n 


WRITIXO   EXERCISE  XVII. 

Yerli,  yen,  yerlii),  yeloij,  yolpii),  yonrnnri,  Yokijani,  yuijij, 
NH  York,    hiij,    sijt.    ainii/.,    re-liis    d\\t\,    ret'^z, 


'clc"  yajfi  'ov' >T   koni'i'iiti    'Jid  1'   cr;   (}!•/   sum    fyr  egzampl, 
'and'  I'olo  'it'  kontinyi^ili.      Pt|,r  siinplisiti   '^ivz'  'ine' jer.     clis 
•  ju  1'  'bs'  -you''  gjd.     'It'  'iz'  a  wurk  'ov'  yqtiliti. 

UKADINU  EXERCISE  XVII. 


68  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XVIII. 

Nij  York  'iz'  a  popynlus  siti.  'Ya>'  'no'  'ha>'  j  am  'yet'  j 
am  at  a  los  'tu'  spek  'y<i>r'  nam.  Hi|maniti  'Jud'  liv  'in'  pes 
'az'  'wun'  komiiniti;  da  'Jud'  dwel  'tugeder'  'in'  'el-de'  erf) 
'in'  hq,rmoni  'and'  luv.  It'  'yoo'  male  falyqrz  'in'  diiti,  'yo>' 
'wil'  resev  'de'  laj  'ov'  justis.  '3e'  ntiz-ber  amiizez  himself 
'hwjl'  wekig.  Ho  yes!  ho  yes!  sez  'de'  yug  bel-riner.  'cfe' 
yok  'ov-de'  oks  'iz'  hevi;  'it'  golz  'hiz'  nek  dis  worm  da.  'In' 
daz  'ov'  yor,  'hweu'  'we'  'wer'  yug.  ' 


'We'  'yn^Tiali'  'giv'  'dem'  -at  srz  'for'  slep,  twelv'ter*  wurk, 
'and'  for  'hwicj'  da  'ma'  'impro)v'  'in'  cni  *wa'.  'cle'  bo-z  j  am 
teqii]  'q,r'  dezjrus  'ov'  'imprtuvment';  da  sem  'tu'  'fcirjk'  'in'  dis 
*\va'  —  'hwot'  'iz'  wurfi  dooip  at  'ol'  'iz'  wurfi  dooin  'wel'.  (B  hop 
da  'wil'  ehvaz  liv  'up'  *tui'  dis  maksini,  'so'  'Jal'  da  'hav'  suk- 
ses  'in'  Ijt'.  Sun,  'giv'  'me'  'ya>r'  er,  'and'  j  'wil'  tec)  'ya>'  'de' 
'wa'  'ov'  ijf.  Lei)6  'ov'  daz  'iz'  'givn'  us  siei'  sojal  'and'  re- 
lijus  'impro)vment'. 


REVIEW. — (51.)  Explain  the  improper  diphthongs,  the  triphthong?. 
(52.)  How  are  those  of  the  zi'-series  represented?  Which  series  of  vowels, 
combined  with  «>,  does  the  left-hand  half  of  the  circle  represent?  (5:5.^ 
What  are  the  sounds  of  the  right-hand  half  of  the  circle?  (54. )  To  what 
consonants  may  the  signs  for  ivaw  and  too  be  written  without  lifting  the 
pen?  (55.)  How  should  these  signs  be  written?  (56.)  To  what  strokes 
does  the  w  semi  -circle  connect  and  form  a  hook?  On  which  side  of  the 
up-stroke  r  is  it  written?  How  does  it  differ  in  powar  from  the  improper 
diphthongs?  (57.)  When  must  fhe  alphabetic  w  bo  employed?  (_58.) 
Describe  the  representation  of  the  triphthongs.  (59.)  What  is  the  pho- 
nographic representation  of  whf  (60.)  How  is  the  to- hook  aspirated': 
(61.)  Designate  the  first  line  of  word-signs:  the  second. 

(62.)  What  are  the  signs  to  represent  the  y-series?  Which  half  of  the 
circle  represents  the  dot  series?  What  are  their  sounds?  What  are  the 
sounds  of  the  upper  half?  (63.)  How  are  they  to  be  witten  to  the  con- 
sonants? (64.)  What  are  the  word-signs? 


less nn  6. 


INITIAL  HOOKS  — THE  Z-HOOK  EXPLAINED. 

65.  A  peculiar  characteristic  of  /  and  r  is,  that  they 
readily  unite  with  preceding  consonants — they  flow  back 
into  them,  as  it  were;  and  hence  their  classification  as 
liquids.  This  union,  though  a  kind  of  double  sound,  is 
formed  by  little  more  than  a  single  effort  of  the  voice. 
Take,  for  illustration,  the  two  words  play  and  pray,  and 
observe  how  simultaneously  the  pi  and  pr  are  spoken ; 
so  in  the  termination  of  the  words  titfr  and  acre.;  in  the 
former  class  of  words  no  vowel  sound  comes  between  the 
two  consonants,  of  course;  in  the  latter  a  very  indistinct 
one  is  heard,  but  which  it  is  not  necessary  to  represent 
in  Phonography. 

C6.  The  most  philosophical  and  brief  way  of  repre- 
senting these  combinations  is  undoubtedly  by  some  dis- 
tinct and  uniform  modification  of  the  simple  letters. 
The  modification  adopted  for  the  I  is  that  of  a  hook 
written  thus: 

\  p,  \  &       i  ',  f  a;      V^  /,  V.  /,  etc- 

67.  As  the  long  consonants  are  heard  first  in  the 
words,  consistency  would  seem  to  require  that  they  be 
written  first  and  the  hooks  afterward;  but  the  reverse  of 
this  is  the  case,  for  the  reason  that  hooks  on  the  termi- 
nation of  strokes  may  be  more  philosophically  and 
advantageously  employed  for  other  purposes;  and  be- 


ro 


MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


sides,  pi,  tf,  kl,  fl,  &e.,  being  considered  single  sounds 
almost,  the  stroke  and  the  hook  must  be  regarded  as  an 
indivisible  sign;  they  should  actually  be  spoken  as  such 
in  spelling  and  reading,  i.  e.,  as  the  final  syllables  in 
apple  (pi),  little  (tl),  muffle  (y?),  fic&fe  (kl);  and  not  as 
p,  I;  t,  I;  f,  I;  li,  I.  A  distinction  is  thus  made  between 
p,  I  pronounced  as  two  letters,  and  pi  pronounced  as 
one;  the  former  suggests  N/^  and  the  latter  S^  . 

68.  To  assist  the  pupil  in  remembering  these  hooks, 
it  may  be  observed,  that  if  the  left  hand  be  held  up, 
with  the  first  finger  bent,  the  outline  of  tl  will  be  seen ; 
and  by  turning  the  hand  round  in  the  various  positions 
assumed  by  the  letters,  p,  f,  r/»,  k,  all  the  double  conso- 
nants of  the  pi  series  will  be  formed;  thus, 


pl 


tl 

r\ 


•Id 


TABLE  OF  THE   i-HOOK. 
P   tl  /'  chl 


kl 


\M 


zhl 


struck  up. 


69.  The  hook  is  first  turned,  and  then  the  long  con- 
sonant struck  in  the  usual  manner.  The  7-hook,  like 
the  s-circle,  is  made  on  the  right-hand  side  of  the  verti- 
cal and  inclined  straight  strokes,  on  the  upper  side  of 
the  straight  horizontals,  and  on  the  inside  of  the  curves. 


THK      /,-HOOK.  71 


70.  This  hook  to  the  strokes  8,  z,  down-stroke  r,  and 
ng,  is  not  needed,  since  for  si  and  zl,  the  circle  is  used 
with  more  advantage;  as,  /*     slay,  /f~tf~  muscle;  and  the 
initial  hook   to   I,  up-stroke  r,  in,  and  n,  is  more  useful 
as  10.   X§^) 

71.  The  s/t  and  zh  take   the  /-hook  only  when  they 
are   combined  with   other   stroke   consonants,  and  then 
they  are  struck  iqnninl;   thus,  )_^J  cssi-iitiaf, 

I'l.  The  stroke  and  the  hook  being  considered  as  one 
ni<jn.  are  vocalized  as  though  no  hook  were  used;  and  in 
writing,  if  a  vowel  precedes  a  hooked  stroke  it  is  written 
before  it;  thus,  «\  tilth,  \^_  ceil;  and  if  the  vowel  fol- 
lows, it  must  be  placed  after;  thus,  \  piny,  c o  clone; 

or  a   vowel    may  be  written  both    before  and  after;   thus 
^     ably,  V|      ii//<r,  dec/arc,   _— e , — ^exclaim. 

73.  In  some  combinations  of  consonants  it  is  difficult 
to  make  a  good  Miook,  but  it  can  generally  be  under- 
stood, as  in  the  word  /  \  reply:  in  some  cases,  how- 
ever, it  is  more  convenient  to  write  the  long  I;  as  in 


The  learner  must  remember  that  the  hook  I  is  to  be 
used  only  when  its  sound  follows  a  preceding  stroke 
consonant;  hence  lp,  Id,  Ik,  &c.,  must  be  written  with 
the  stroke  I. 

READING    EXERCISE   XVIII. 


MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XIX. 

Pla,  bio,  gle,  flj,  pis,  aplj,  obltf,  aflikt,  Bjbl,  tjtl,  kupl, 
plenti,  blazez,  klasez,  regal,  fikl,  reklam,  inflam,  remooval, 
fatal,  radikal,  klerikal,  bujel,  espejal,  mqrjal,  inl'liienjal. 

VOCALIZING  THE  Z-HOOK. 

74.  It  has  been  stated,  (§65)  that  the  ?-hook  is 
designed  to  be  used  when  no  vowel  comes  between  the 
sound  of  I  and  a  preceding  consonant,  or  when  the 

vowel  is  but  indistinctly  heard  ;    as,  \.    flee,  c clay, 

\n  apples,  c  °  eagles;  but  it  is  found  very  convenient, 
occasionally,  to  take  a  little  license  with  the  rule,  and 
use  the  hook  even  where  a  vowel  sound  is  distinctly 
heard  between  it  and  the  stroke.  Thus,  in  writing  the 
word  falsehood,  it  is  much  easier  and  quicker  to  write 
the  hook  I,  thus,  ^f,  than  thus, 


-I. 

75.  When  this  is  done,  a  peculiar  scheme  of  vocali- 
zation is  resorted  to;  namely,  the  dot  vowels  are  indi- 
cated by  a  small  circle  placed  in  the  three  positions, 
before  the  stroke  for  the  long,  and  after  for  the  short 
vowels;  as  Ln  delusive,  \  till,  /^~~°  legal;  when  the  dash 
vowels  are  to  be  read  between  the  stroke  and  the  hook, 
it  is  indicated  by  striking  the  dash  through  the  stroke ; 

C_l  .  . 

as  '  A  cufyable;  or  when  its  place  is  at  the  hooked  end 
it  may  be  written  just  before  the  hooked  stroke;  thus, 
fX^  tolerable;  the  diphthongs,  when  necessary,  are 
written  as  the  stroke  vowels;  thus  ./^'^ childish,  (See 

§110)X~X.    qualify. 

This  method  of  writing  is  used  to  a  very  limited 
extent ;  and  the  learner  is  cautioned  against  using  it  for 
any  words  but  such  as  are  designated,  in  this  and  subse- 
quent lessons,  to  be  written  thus. 


AM»    T1IK    ClUCLK. 


73 


READING  EXERCISE  XIX. 


WRITING    EXERCISE   XX. 

Felsiti,  fcolskap,  felo-sitizenz,  fulnes,  fulminat,  vulgat, 
filosofikal,  voluptyn,us,  konvulsiv  kolonial,  galvanik,  kalam- 
iti,  kolekt. 


L-UOOK.  PRECEDED   BY  THE  S-CIRCLE. 

76.  The  s-circle  is  prefixed  to  the  compound  conso- 
nant •  the  simple.     It  is  first  written, 
and  the  pen  carried  round  so  as  to  form  the  hook  before 
making  the  long  sign ;  thus,   N^  simple,  ./   saclid,  \g 
civili 

77.  No    new    rules    are    required    for  vocalizing;   it 
m-i-dri  only  to  be  borne  in  mind  when  the  long  -s  is  to  be 
xi.-cd  (^tl);   and  that  the  stroke  and  hook  an-  considered 
as  one  sign,  and  if  the  vowel  is  heard  before   them   it  is 
written  before  them;   if  after,  it  is  written  afterward;  as 
in  the  previous  exam  pi' 

7x      In   reading,    the   circle    is    read    first,    then    the 
i.  if  one  prn-rdcs  the  compound  stroke;  and  lastly 
the   compound    consonant,  with  its   following  vowel,  if 
there  be  one.  as  in  etc  Hi.*';  above. 


79.       "\VORD-SKiNS. l 

I   till  and  tell,  \^  value. 


calf,  c difficult-*/,  ^   full, 


74 


MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY 


READING  EXERCISE  XX. 


x    ? 


K 


•       5 


X       . 


KXKKCISK    ON    THE    /,-HOOK,    AND    REVIEW. 


•o      \. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXI. 

Sell,  sjdl,  sutlti,  siviliti,  siklz,  supines,  siviljzirj,  s\viv/, 
spljsiij,  pesful,  posibl,  fiklnes,  fezibl,  advjzabl,  displaiy, 
diaklozez. 

NOTE. — In  the  following  exercise,  I  is  italicized  when  it  is  to  bo  writ- 
ten with  the  hook. 

I'DLNES. — idftics  'iz'  a  pfag  'tu-de'  skolar,  'for'  nnlcs  'he' 
n\>f'iy.  liimsclf  ktosli  'tu'  'hiz'  biaks,  'he'  loozez  'el'  klam  'tu-de' 
npA"/.  'ov'  'liiz'  famili  'or'  'hiz'  ofiJaZ  superior.  'It'  'iz'  Jamfu/; 
'tor'  'he'  'Jutl'  reko/ekt  hs  'hiz'  famili  'hav'  a  rjt  'tia'  luk 
'for'  sumtii)  ynstW  'in"him"tu'  repa  'dem'  'for'  tcrl  'and'  arjzj- 
eti.  'It'  'iz' unreznab/;  'for'  unles  'he'  'giv'  'up'  'hiz'  evi/  '\va' 
'and'  'd<D'  'hiz'  diiti  fafifti?!,  'no'  b?esii)  avvats  him,  'but'  'he' 
'i/'  disp'czir)  'tu'  'hiz'  Was-feloz,  'tia'  himself,  'and'  'tu'  'el' 
]ii-p/.  Fjnali,  'it'  'iz'  ofu/;  'for'  j(U  habits  'q,r'  apt  'tu'  bekum 
\vurs,  'and'  'de'  evU  '\vun'  "elwaz  miscjif  seks  'for'  jiU  ycot  'tu' 
'd(t)'."  'But'  'de'  skolar  'ha>'  fat)fu/i  ap/jz  himself  'tu'  wurk, 
'wil'  ob/ij  'him'  'hd)'  tecjez  'him',  'and'  p/ez  'ol'  pcpl  'lid)'  'no: 
'him'. 

REVIEW. — (65.)  Explain  the  peculiar  character  of  I  and  r.  (66.) 
Wli;it  is  the  contracted  form  of  representing  them?  (67.)  How  are  strokes 
with  /  and  /'-hooks  to  be  spoken?  (68.)  How  may  you  remember  the  po- 
sitinn  of  the  hook?  (69.)  On  which  side  of  the  vertical  and  inclined 
straight  strnk'-<  is  the  /-hook  written?  Which  sido  of  the  straight  hori- 
/oiitals?  \Vhit-h  side  of  the  curves?  (70.)  To  which  of  the  strokes  is  the 
/-hook  not  written,  and  why?  (71.)  How  do  *7t  an  1  zh  take  the  ?-hook? 
(72.)  How  are  /-hook  strokes  vocalized?  (74.)  What  is  said  about  a 
vow>'l  sound  between  the  stroke  consonant  arid  the  hook?  (75.)  How  are 
v.ivVelsot  the  ,l,,t  series  represented  in  the  scheme  for  vocalizing  the  hook? 
How  the,  dash  series?  How  the  diphthongs?  (76.)  How  may  the  «-circlo 
be  written  to  the  hooked  strokes?  (78.)  What  is  the  rule  for  reading 
such  compound  strokes?  (79.)  What  are  the  l-houk  word-signs? 


lesson  7. 


THE  tf-HOOK  —  DOUBLE  CURVE   FOR    THR. 

80.  If  the  right  hand  be  held  up,  with  the  first 
finger  bent,  the  outline  of  tr  will  be  seen,  and  by  turn- 
ing tho  hand  round  to  the  following  positions,  all  the 
double  consonants  of  the  pr  series  will  be  produced. 


\br 

-yft 


tr 

r\ 


chr 


kr  C 

TABLE   OF  THE  tf-HOOK. 
I  tr  X7  chr 

1  dr  /jr 

^  thr  J)  shr 

\  thr  >>  zhr 


c—  kr 
c—  gr 

struck  down. 


81.  The  r-hook  is  written  on  the  left-hand  side  of 
the  vertical  and  inclined  straight  strokes,  and  on  the 
under  side  of  the  straight  horizontals — just  the  reverse 
of  the  Z-hook. 


TIIK 


82.  It  will  be  seen  from  the  table  that/,  r.  fit,  and  th 
take    the    r-hook    by    assuming   inverted   positions    and 
occupying  the  places  of  r,  ic,  s,  and  z;  thus,  ^  free,  <:/\ 

J  through,  J  either,  which  they  can  do  without 
ambiguity,  since  these  letters  never  receive  an  initial 
hook.  In  this  there  is  an  apparent  .disorder,  but.  when 
properly  viewed,  they  are  in  strict  analogy  with  the 
straight  consonants.  If  the  character  \  pi  be  cut  out 
in  a  piece  of  paper  or  card,  and  then  turned  over,  \  pr 
is  produced;  in  the  same  way  v  fly  if  cut  in  card,  and 
reversed,  gives  ^  fr. 

83.  To  indicate  the  r-hook  on  m  and  n,  the  strokes 
are  made  heavy,  which  distinguishes  them  from  icm  ten; 
thus,    <^*>    honor,    J       dinner,    ,—£~x-  gnrmmar:    and    as 
neither  mp  nor   ng  take  any  hook,  it  will    not  lead  to 
any  confusion. 

Sometimes  this  hook,  like  the  7-hook,  has  to  be  made 
rather    indistinctly,   as  |  _  degree,}  _       cfi-i/n'.      After 

w         \ 

_y  the  downward  /•  is  used  instead  of  the  hook,  as 


84.  The  remarks  in  regard  to  vocalizing  the   7-hook 
strokes  apply  in  every  particular  to  the  r-hook  strokes. 
It  should  especially  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  hooked 
strokes  are  regarded  as  one  letter,  and  spoken  as  the  last 
syllable  in  reaper,  letfc-r.  aov.  «fcc.,  and   not  as  />.  /•;  t,  r, 
/.-.  r,  &c.;  and  that  as  a  general  thing  the  hook  is   only 
used  when  no  distinct  vowel  sound  comes   between   an- 
other consonant   and  a   following  r;  as  in     \  pray,  c    i' 
(•/•'/'•.  -I   titter.    -'    j  fiisui-'  . 

85.  When     j   fr  is  preceded  by     1  (?c«tf).  they  may 
be  united  ;  as  in    1    icuter.  and  all  its  compounds. 


78                             MANUAL    OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

*••> 

READING  EXERCISE  XXT. 

S.  I-  P^  ^>X^"> 

^ 

V               x                  / 

1                y      .1       \—     \-  —  ^^       -^       L 

s 

/              •                        *\      -^    ^/ 

'  ^    *\    .  r  A  \^s  A    'jr*. 

\ 

WRITING  EXERCISE  XXIT. 

Drj,  tre,  dra,  krj,  gro,  aker,  odor,  uper,  aprjz,  ffpril,  aprmv, 
drem,  brij,  frek,  Frjda,  moover,  klover,  tro,  gader,  eragiir, 
plumer,  murder,  maner,  onorabl,  overluk,  everihwqr,  krim- 
inal,  purqasez,  transpoz,  trembl,  bruder,  jurni,  jurual,  framer, 
wundert'ul.  Geker,  joker. 


86.  A  limited  license  is  taken  with  the  above  rule, 
(§84)  as  in  the  case  of  the  ?-hook,  and  the  r-hook  is  some- 
times used  when  a  distinct  vowel  sound  comes  between  it 
and  the  previous. consonant;  in  which  case  the  same  pecu- 
liar scheme  of  vocalization  is  employed;  thus,  "T^  Dear- 
sir,  '\3_^,  person,  c-K  course,  /'  require,  \t  posture. 

READING  EXERCISE  XXII. 


TIIK     fl-HoOK.  79 


AVKITIN<;    KXKHCISK    XXIII. 

Crrful.  ka/los,  merli,  nerli,  Gf\_\-}/.,  cjqrkol,  paragraf,  Jqrk, 
Jqrper,  torni,  p  -rvers,  korsli,  moraliti,  nort,  nnrij',  eiiormiti, 
preliminari,  ' 


THE    /MIOOK   I'RKCKDKI)   BY   THE    S-CIUCLK. 

87.  The   s-circle   precedes    tlic  r-hook   in   much    the 
same  manner  as   it  does  the   /-hook;   thus,  it  might  be 
written    'J\  xj>r.   G  —  skr;  but   cilice    the   s-circle  alone 
never  occupies  the  r-hook  side   of  the   straight  strokes, 
advantage  is  taken  of  the  circumstance,  since  a  circle  is 
more   easily  written   than   a  circle  and  a.  hook,  to  write 
simply  the  circle;   thus,  !•  stray,  CT"^~^  sen-am,  V]  oV*r, 
0  '       Kiiiroi'.   /*  siri/rr.       But  with  the  curves   this  con- 
traction cannot  be  made,  since  the  simple  s-circle  occu- 
pies the  place;   hence  the  circle  and  hook  must  both  be 
written;   thus    /^\  sifjf<:f,  o~\  summer,  ^-^  sinner. 

88.  When  the  s-circle  and  y-hook  come  between  two 
straight  consonants,  it  is  often  more  convenient  to  write 
the  hook  in  addition    to  the  circle  than  not;  as  in   \. 

,'.  -'I. 


The  same  rules  are  to  be  observed  in   vocalizing 

and  reading  that  were  given  for  the  /-hook  preceded  by 
the  .s-circle,  (§77,  §78.; 

READING  EXERCISE  XXIII. 


80  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXIV. 

Sprj,  stra,  strjk,  strem,  skrap,  skroopl,  skrjb,  strerjfi,  strugl, 
strati],  stronger,  super,  saber,  siipremasi,  sekresi,  sjfer,  suferin, 
sever,  simer,  sooner. 

THE  DOUBLE  CURVE  FOR  THR,  TR  AND  DR. 
90.  When  a  curved  stroke  is  repeated,  an  angle  is 
made  between  the  two;  thus,  ^-^  jjf,  ^_^_^  nn,  which 
leaves  at  liberty,  to  be  used  for  some  other  purpose,  the 
double-length  strokes.  A  somewhat  arbitrary,  though 
convenient  use,  is  made  of  them  thus:  Doubling  the 
length  of  a  curved  stroke,  adds  the  syllable  thr,  tr  dr 
to  the  strokes;  thus,  V^  .  father,  ^—^  another.  These 
forms  are  used  chiefly  as  word-signs  for  father,  mother, 
neither  (above  the  line,)  another,  rather,  further,  letter. 

91.  —  /MIOOK  WORD-SIGNS- 
\  principle-al  >  from  J)  sure 

\  re-member  ^  every  .S  pleasure 

n  r\  |  ..vlr.,  re-mark 

truth  )    three  £  —  ^ 

'  (  more 

c      care  )    there,  their   ^^  nor,    near 

* 

BEADING  EXERCISE  XXIV. 

•^  N  s  1  ° 


rv 

t 


.    ) 


KXERCiSH    ON    TilK    7M1OOK. 


81 


f  t -^  L  f 


*v  <- T 


(•^ 


X 


,"T 


\ 


n1 


82  MANUAL    OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


NOTE. — In  the  following  exercise  r  is  italicized  when  it  is  to  be  written 
with  the  hook. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  XXV. 

SERIUSNES  AND  SOBR-I8TI.— Nutiin  nobl  iz  tu  be  had 
but  wid  seriusnes  and  sobrjeti.  (1  sober  person  seks  tu  \va  de 
tro>  'valyn'  ov  tiijz  and  tu  la  no  tregtirz  in  trjt'lz,  but  'rader' 
on  hwot  iz  'important.'  Xuflir),  perhaps,  strjks  us  az  so  stranj 
and  t'odlij  az  tu  notis  pepl  sevius  abst  trjfl/,,  and  trjt'lii)  wid 
serius  tir>z.  -:Sosjeti  siu'erz  konsiderabli  bj  de  trjfler,  hat  bats 
sobrjeti  and  seriusnes,  and  \vud  sooner  hav  r'oli  tu  ran  siiprem. 
Supljd  wid  strez  tu  pla  wid,  he  sut'erz  de  strem  ov  Ijt  tu  flo 
awa,  until  defc  puts  in  hiz  sikl,  and  separats  de  striij  ov  Ijf. 
Ks  iz  no  tjm  for  sukor  or  eskap.  He  strjks  \vid  streiji)  and 
unerig  am;  strips  him  ov  ol  hiz  plez,  strooz  hiz  hops  intu  de 
^r,  and  a  strugl  klozez  hiz  karer. 

It  iz  bot  tintra  and  st?-anj  tu  konstrco  seriusnes  intu  sadnes, 
er  tu  konsider  sob/|eti  de  sam  az  unhapines;  for  it  iz-sk^rsli 
posibl  tu  be  properli  ga  or  trcoli  hapi,  unles  we  no  hwcn  tu 
be  sober. 


REVIEW. — (80.)  How  will  you  remember  the  form  of  the  r-hook?  (81.) 
On  which  side  of  the  straight  strokes  is  the  r-hook  written?  (82.)  What 
strokes  do  not  take  the  ?'-hook?  In  what  w:iy  do/,  v,  th,  th,  take  the 
7'-hook?  Explain'  this  irregularity.  (83.)  How  do  in  and  n  taka  this 
hook?  (84.)  What  is  said  about  vocalizing?  How  do  you  nams  the  .strokes 
of  the  r-hook?  (83.)  What  is  the  license  in  regird  to  the  u.se  of  the 
r-hook?  Explain  the  peculiar  scheme  of  voaali/ition.  (87.)  How  i-  th; 
«-circle  prefixed  to  the  straight  r-hook  strokes?  How  to  the  curves?  (90.) 
What  is  effected  by  doubling  the  length  of  curved  strokes?  (01.)  Des- 
ignate the  first  four  word-signs;  the  next  four;  the  last  three. 


011  on  8 


TERMINAL   HOOKS. 

02.  Since  tho  hooked  strokes,  although  representing 
two  elementary  sounds,  are  written  with  nearly  the  same 
facility  as  the  simple  strokes,  the  method  of  hooking  is 
applied  to  the  termination  of  the  consonant  signs  as  well 
as  to  the  beginning.  The  inost  useful  purposes  which 
the  two  terminal  hooks  can  subserve,  are  to  represent 
the  frequent  sounds  of /(.  /'and  r,  and  the  common  final 
syllable  (ion,  heard  in  such  words  as  nation. 
physician,  dY. 

TABLE    OF   THE    JT-HOOK. 
\  pn  J  tn  ^X  ehn  — 5 

\lm  J  dn  X'j"  — 3 

Vo  fn  (j  thn  J   sn 

V>  vn  ^  thn  J   zn 

^  ™  y        r  IQ  c 

f — 5  mil  v y  nn  \  wn  X   vn 

b  * 

'.».",.  On  the  straight  strokes  the  //-hook  is  written  on 
the  left-hand  side  of  the  vertical  ami  inclined,  and  on 
the  under  side  of  the  horizontal  strokes,  emhracinir.  of 
course,  the  up-stroke  /• ;  while  on  the  curxes  it  is 


84  MANUAL   OP    PHONOGRAPHY. 

written  on  the  inner  or  concave  side,  whether  to  the  left 
or  right;  as  illustrated  in  the  preceding  table. 

94.  The  «-hook  might  be  written  on  all  the  strokes; 
but  on  the  ng  it  would  seldom,  if  ever,  be  of  any  advan- 
tage.    The  tc-hook  to  the  n  answers  every  purpose  that 
an  7i-hook  to  the  w  would. 

95.  Of  the  two  forms  for  In,  shn,  the  down-stroke  sh 
and  the  up-stroke  I  are  generally  used,  the  others  being 
employed  only  in  connection  with  other  strokes  when 
the  first  mentioned  would  be  unhandily  written. 

96.  The  «-hook  is  always  the  last  thing,  belonging 
to  a  stroke,  to  be  read  ;  thus,     5  pain,   \^  fine,   (j*  thin, 
(,    thine,  /v     run,  /^=  line.     If  no  distinct>  vowel  sound 
is  heard  between  the  stroke  and  the  hook,  no  vowel  sign 
is  written;  as,  \^  Jicaven,    v/  ocean;  where  a  third  place 
vowel  sound  is  heard,  the  sign  must  be  placed  on  the 
outside  of  the  hook  ;  thus,  ,  —  s  man,  (^     than,  —  =>  coon; 
thus  the  vocalization  is  the  same  as  in  other  compound 
strokes. 

97.  Strokes  having  an  initial  circle  or  hook,  of  any 
kind,  may  also  have  a  final  hook  or  circle;  as  \.,j)lun, 
]•  strain. 

98.  When   the  n  is  the  last  consonant  in   a  word, 
followed  by  a  vowel,  it  must  be  written   at  length  ;  as 
^~-^/  money,   /"  C.dna. 

HEADING  EXERCISE  XXV. 


/•      >v        /         /f         /»       /*\     \  ^f  /"     / 

C   J  J^  s&    >/  I     V  <r- 

NT  "X^  /   ^  ^*  ^^    I! 


THE  3"- HOOK.  85 


WRITLM;    K.\  i:;;;  ISK    XX  Yf. 

Pan,  pin,  boon,  ton,  <l->n,  qan,  jom,  kan,  go:i,  fjn,  van,  den, 

Jjn,    oj'an,    ran,    run,   Ion,  Ijn,    nijii,    mjun,   non,    insn; — opn, 

rjpn,  gqrden,  Jakn,  organ,  ttrian,   cnlivn,  morn,    werniy,  feln, 

I     balum,  roraan,  wuman.      Brsn,  dran,  restran,    pqrdn,  burdn, 

refran,  regan,  enjo-n,  abstan. 

THE   JT-IIOOK   FOLLOWED   BY  N. 

99.  When  s  follows  after  »i,  without  an  intervening 
vowel,  the  circle  may  be  turned  on  the  hook,  as  in  the 
case  of  s  preceding  the  Miook ;  thus,   \^-  fans,  ^~~^  mans, 
<r^}'  nidehiiti-s,  /£$  refrains.     With  the  straight  strokes, 
however,  it  is  unnecessary  to  make   both  the  hook  and 
circle,  thus  \  pns,  since  the  circle   itself  embraces  the 
hook,  and  \vill  not  be  mistaken  for  s,  which  is  always 
written    on    the   other  side    of  the   stroke.     He'nce  we 

write  ^b  pens,  J-  dunce,  <^/*    cka ins.  ^—^/^' mourns,  \ _. 

begins. 

100.  The  double  circle  for  uses  is  conveniently  used 
on  the  straight  strokes,  for  such  words  as   ,.  trusts,  <-,/ 

c}i"i<ri.<.   -'-r^,  cr>iwnnrite<.-< ;  but  as  a  double  circle  cannot 
^ 

well  be  formed  on  the  hook  attached  to  a  curve,  a  stroke 
n  must  be  used  in  such  words  as   V  ^Q  Ji nonets, 
evinces. 

READING    EXERCISE   XXVI. 
v      j       /,     ^"~3  /^-^       ^'     y~\    (• 

3     J'     <*       /.  '- .  £       A      ...     o!     /     0     V3 


> 


86 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


WHITENO  EXERCISE  XXVII. 

Panz,  benz,  penz,  tonz,  c;anz,  ganz,  mornz,  burnz,  Junz, 
erfanz,  balans,  remanz,  Jermanz,  pronsns ;  komplanz,  eks- 
planz,  akordans,  kwestyonz,  kristyanz,  enjcpnz,  inkl^nz. 
Prinsez,  dansez,  kondensez,  glansez,  ekspensez,  konsekwen- 
sez,  pronsnsez,  advansez,  konjensez. 


\  upon 
\  been 
J    done 
</    general-ly 


JV-HOOK  WORD- SIGNS. 

— 3  can 

Vo  phonograph}1 
(     than,  then 
/^  alone 

READING  EXERCISE  XXVII. 


.    C 


man 

opinion 

known 


\  r 


EXKIK'ISK    ON    THE    JV'-IIOOK.  87 


o"^         <y\ 


*~*  \  ^      ^ 

b     \     A  > 


99  64.  L  ^ 


^   'f  />, 

•*  S 

'N/1,.,  („/-    ^<^-  .  IL-, 

A! 


•  r-  r^\       /  ^  i. 

9    V)  V-X> 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXVIII. 

KURcfJ. — Tro)  kurai  haz  its  orijin  in  verty^.  Animal  fei- 
Icsnes  puts  on  de  senihlaHs  ov  kuraj,  and  iz.  ot'«  takn  fer  it,  bj 
nj,/?  7>t  ov  tc>7?  arnmj  'men';  but  As,  falasi  ov  dis  'opinyon'  haz 
'bin'  Jora  bi  'jeneral'  eksperie?2S,  for  prodcus  iz  ekwali  esenjal 
tu  it. 

Tu  atan  trcr>  kuraj  enter  'upon'   nutirj  rajli,  egzamin  wel 

Jnvot  de  ijn  i/,  Ij.kli  tu.  be,  and   form  yo>r  'opinyon'  befor  yoj 

Ilx  'kan'  vd<  de??  fer,  if  ya>  liav   gon  tu  wurk   'upon' 

'prinsipl',  and  hav  dun  ol   yd)  'kan'  da>?  or  hw j  Jiad  ya>  t'el  a 

konsern  for  kon^ek\ve«5^,  liwiq  luiv  'bin'  olredi  wad  bj  yco? 

In  litunbl  reljaiis  'upon'  de  asistiws  ov  Hevn,  go  opnli  and 
\vid  koiit'ideHs  tu  finij  yibr  planz.  tlis  simpl  t'afi  'alon',  de 
rclians  ov  qildren  'upon'  a  tro)  FqdcT,  \vil  kari  yo>  safli  tro>. 

'Remember'  dis  'trait',  hoover,  'dj\r'  iz  'jenerali'  'mor'  tro> 
kuraj  jo??  lij,  (i  jiasiv  nv.i^taws  tu  de  skor/?  and  snerz  ov  'men', 
'dan'  haz  'bin'  se??  in  eni  merli  fizikal  rezistana. 

Tni)  kuraj  i/.  bj  no  me??z  savaj  vjolens,  ner  a  fcolhqrdi  in- 
seusibiliti  tu  danjer;  nor  a  hedstroij  rajnes  tu  run  siidenli  intu 


MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


it;  ner  a  burnirj  frenzi  broken  lens  'Zrom'  &&  guvernig  pser  ov 
rezn;  but  it  iz  a  seren,  ferm  determiHig— de  kuraj  ova 'man' 
but  never  de  fersnes  ov  a  tjger. 


REVIEW. — (92.)  What  do  the  final  hooks  represent?  (93.)  On  which 
side  of  the  straight  strokes  is  the  »-hook  written?  On  which  side  if  the 
curves?  .  (9i.)  On  what  strokes  is  the  «-hook  not  written?  (95.)  Which 
forms  of  the  In  and  shn  are  generally  used?  (96.)  How  are  the  ft-hook 
strokes  vocalized?  (98.)  In  what  c«e  must  the  stroke  n  be  employed? 
(99.)  How  is  the  circle  "written  to  the  «.-hook  on  the  curves?  How  on  the 
straight  strokes?  (100.)  What  is  the  double  circle  when  written  in  the 
n-hook  place?  (101.)  Designate  the  straight  stroke  word-signs;  the  curved 
strokes. 


9. 


F   AXD    F  HOOK—  SUIT  HOOK—  VOWEL   CONTRACTIONS— 
DISSYLLABIC    DIPHTHONGS. 

101.  The  hook  for  f  and  v  —  which  is  made  heavy 
for  the  latter  when  precision  is  necessary  —  is  written  on 
the  straight  strokes  only  ;  on  the  right-hand  side  of  ver- 
tical and  inclined  signs,  and  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
horizontals,  including  r  and  h. 

TABLE   OF    THE    F  AND    V  HOOK. 
v  pf  or  pv  I    tf  tv  /    chf  chv          _  3  kf  kv 

\bfbv  [dfdv          /jfjv  -^gfgv 

X'rfrv 


This  hook  occupies  the  side  of  the  consonant  opposite 
that  of  the  n-hook  ;  but  as  a  hook  cannot  be  convenient- 
ly or  gracefully  written  on  the  convex  side  of  curves, 
tlii'-e  signs  do  not  take  the/  and  v-hook. 

102.  Strokes  having  this  hook  are  vocalized  and  read 
as  those  having  the  n-hook  ;  thus.  \  beef  -.  —  ^couqh. 

QV      '  .,  v        i.          ,  ' 

^  i»-or:\        strife,  <—-}  grave,  ,_p>  curve,       _    defense. 

But  when/  or  'v  i.s  the  la  t  consonant  in  a  word,  and 
followed  by  a  vowel,  the  full  stroke  must  be  written  ; 
thu.s,  I  <l<'fy.  ~(  ^  coffee. 

Th<3  circle  s  or  z  may  be  added  to  this  hook,  by  turn- 
ing a  distinct  circle  inside  the  hook;  thus,  ^  couylis, 
T  if  rices. 


90  EXERCISES    ON     THE    F    AND     V    HOOK. 


WORD-SIGNS. —  \>  above,    {,  tvfiatever,  \j  differ-ence-ent, 
/  whichever,   — a  gave,  /  half. 

READING    EXERCISE    XXVIII. 


^<3      Na     _ 


\:<-^  if S 


N, 


WRITING    EXERCISE    XXIV. 

Paf,  def,  gav,  ruf,  rtof,  hq,f,  stov,  skof,  serv,  kurv,  drov, 
gref,  klev,  grav  ;  stavz,  klifs,  gluvz,  grovz  ;  berev,  derjv, 
pro  ok,  prg/erv,  re/erv,  retrev,  kontrjv,  sedativ  ;  David, 
divjkl,  provjd.  bravado;  obzervz,  reprmvz,  engravz. 

Gref  drov  ber  tin  fte  grav.  fla  hco  dezerv  reproof,  kontrjv 
tu  endqr  it  wift  braveri.  <Ie  tro)li  brav  man  prez?r  z  hiz 
onor  and  biz  IjE  ;  hwjl  de  ksard  iz  drivn  tu  a  peor  defens. 


EXPLANATION     OF     THE     SUN    HOOK.  01 

THE    SUN  HOOK. 

103.  The  s/i«-hook  is  somewhat  arbitrary ;  that  is,  it 
is  not  entirely  phonetic,  in  that  it  is  but  one  sign  used 
to  represent  three  sounds;  but  of  course  the  means  exist 
in  the  alphabet  for  writing  out   the    sounds   in  full  if  it 

were  desirable. 

TABLE    OF    THE    SUN    HOOK. 

\3  p-shn             u  t-shn            /   ch-shn  — 3  k-shn 

\s  b-s.hn             \j  d-shn           £    j-shn  _^  g-shn 

^  5  f-shn             Q  th-shn           (")  s-shn  ^  sh-shn 

l^  v-shn            (j  th-shn          J  z-shn  ^  zh-shn 

"~\  ^  r-shn  /°  /~  1-shn 

o  -^  i      o 

^"^  m-shn         ^__ji  n-shn         ^_p  ng-shn         ^  h-shn 

On  the  straight  strokes,  this  hook  may  be  written  on 
either  side  ;  on  the  curves,  it  is  written  in  the  position 
of  the  H-hook;  but  in  either  case  it  may  be  distinguished 
from  the  H-hook,  by  bciiiij;  made  twice  as  lame. 

104.  The  most  general  use  of  the  s/i/z-hook  is  at  the 
termination  of  words,  where  it  is  read  as  an  entire  sylla- 
ble ;  as,  \  x.  passion,    \j  condition,  L-3  occasion. 

The  hook  is  most  conveniently  turned  on  the  right- 
hand  side  of  vertical  and  inclined  strokes,  and  on  the 
upper  side  of  horizontals,  when  they  are  not  united  with 
a  preceding  stroke,  hook,  or  circle,  as  in  the  paragraph 
above.  But  when  thus  combined,  the  hook  is  most  read- 
ily turned  on  the  side  reverse  to  that  occupied  by  the 
preceding  stroke,  hook,  or  circle;  thus,  N^/^  portion, 
.  '  exertion,  [•  station,  ]_L  construction. 

b  L;  " 


occasion. 


READING  EXERCISE  XXVIII. 

~' 


V  "~b  ***  % 

<x-  *  LS  I 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXIX. 

Pojon,  stajon,  kompfijon,  ambijon,  konrlijon,  negajon, 
komtjnikajon,  thirajon,  petij'on,  indikafon,  fuson,  inva^on, 
ilqgon,  revohijon,  konsolajon,  emojon,  admijon,  najon, 
amtinijon.  Profi^on,  rcformajon,  selekjon,  delegajou,  depri- 
vajon,  siipervigon,  kohegOQ. 

Petijoner,  eksekiijoner,  okagonal,  revokijonari.  Pajonz, 
sedijonz,  vigonz,  cfi^onz,  mijonz,  nojonz,  administrajonz. 


92  MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

105.  The  s/ui-hook  is  often  conveniently  used  in  the 

middle  of  a  word  ;  thus,   L^>    dictionary,  /\£j<     rev- 
olutionary. 

106.  The  s-circle   may  be  added  by  writing  it  dis- 
tinctly  on   the   inside   of  these  hooks,   to   the   straight 
strokes  as  well  as  the  curves;  thus,  b    conditions,       \^> 
invasions. 

107.  WORD-SIGNS. —    \^oljcction,  N.    subjection,   — -* 


VO\VKL    n)NTKA<TI»\<.  93 


108.  VtnvKL  CONTKACTIOXS.  —  The  vowels  being  so 
simply  and  easily  formed,  but  little  is  to  be  desired  in 
the  way  of  abbreviating  the  method   of  writing  them; 
but  as  considerable  time  is  lost  by  lifting  the  pea  in 

ag  from  one  to  another,  it  is  no  small  advantage  to 
write  two  vowel  sounds  in  one  sign,  where  it  can  be 
done  without  ambiguity.  Such  a  contraction  is  quite 
common  in  words  where  the  short  vowel  i  immediately 
:  anther  of  the  simple  vowels;  as  in  the  words 
-i  '/fin,  enunciation,  m!i<i  :  becoming  nearly  like 
vtirijii*.  '///'•/';  enuncytition,  /-./.</•>.  This  coalition  of 
vowels  so  nearly  pn>du;.vs  tli3  articulations  ys,  ya,  yo,  yu, 
that  the  signs  for  these  improper  diphthongs  are  used  in 
such  cases  :  thus.  V^  ^  r./r/Ws,  ±*s»  asxvciatioii,  ^y^ 
ratio. 

109.  DISSYLLABIC  DIPHTHONGS.  —  The   following   is 
an   additional  scale  of  diphthongs,  simply  formed,  and 
some  of  which  are  very  useful:  — 

^  ei  <|  ai  j   qi          >|  .,-         >|  oi  >|   o>i  ; 

as  in   V~    cliiyy,    ~^   snoicy,  \>^  owing,    r      stoic,    (* 


1H».      The   close   diphthong  heard   in   the    word   aye, 
though  differing  but  little  from    ^  j  i,  is  written  thus,  v! 


READING  EXERCISE  XXIX. 

\  , 

-- 


94  MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


r 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXX. 


Envins,  cronens,  glorias,  serins,  konveniens,  eksperiens, 
variajon,  enunfiajon,  konsiliajon,  abreviajon,  paliajon,  alevi- 
ajon,  homeopati. 

Klai,  flei,  biloi,  stoikal,  gli[i. 

Ambijon  iz  rts  'okagon'  ov  sedi/on,  konfujon,  and  desola- 
Jon,  and  arszez  'evcri'  evil  emojon  and  pajon. 

An  as,  pikii)  np  a  Ijonz  skin  h\viq  had  'bin'  tron  awa,  put 
it  on;  and  runin  intu  de  wudz  and  pcistyTjrz,  began  tu  bra,  in 
iraitajon  ov  de  l^onz  ror,  Inviq  tro)  de  floks  intia  teribl  kon- 
fi{3on.  At  lept  de  oner  kam  alop  and  wud  bav  bin  struk  wid 
konsternajon  elso,  but  'upon'  biz  lisnig  mor  klosli,  he  scon  so 
de  ilxigon  in  de  vcrs,  and  so,  morover,  de  asez  erz  stikig  »t. 


,S'//.V  HOOK    EXKRCISE    AM)    HKVIKW.  95 

Wid  no  hezitajon  lie  ran  up  tu  de  as,  and  wid  hiz  kujel  bet 
him  severli,  saiy: 

"Yco  foil,  yo>  hav  'bin'  de  'okagon'  ov  skajii)  de  floks,  but  jrl 
hav  yo>  tu  no  eldo  yo>  luk  Ijk  a  lion,  yet  ya>  bra  Ijk  an  as!" 

APLIKCfXON. — Afektajon  iz  Jqr  tu  ckspoz  a  man  tu  de- 
rigon  in  proper/on  tu  hiz  asumjon. 


HKVIF.W. — (103.)  On  which  side  of  the  straight  strokes  is  the  «An-hook 
m  ulc'.'  How  is  it  made  to  the  curves?  ( 104. )  How  is  the  «A;»-hook  re;i,l? 
i  li).J."i  How  may  it  be  used  except  at  the  termination  of  \vur.ls'.'  (10S.) 
II. i\v  is  the  «-circle  added?  (  107.)  What  are  the  word-signs?  ( 10:>.  )  Ex- 
plain the  vowel  contractions.  (IOC.)  The  dissyllabic  diphthongs.  How 
is  aye  written? 


lesson  ID. 


HALF-LENGTH  STROKES. 

In  consequence  of  the  frequent  recurrence  of  the 
sounds  t  and  <7,  it  is  found  very  convenient,  and 
sometimes  necessary,  to  give  them  another  and  more 
contracted  representation. 

110.  But  every  philosophical  means  has  already  been 
resorted  to  for  the  purpose  of  giving  to  Phonography 
the  ultimatum  of  brevity ;  and  if  the  following  scheme 
has  only  the  semblance  of  philosophy  in  it,  it'will  be  as 
much    as    can   be   expected.      In   chemistry,   it   is    well 
known,  the  more  a  substance— a   poison,  or  steam,  for 
instance — is  concentrated,  the  greater  is  its  power :  so, 
in  order  to  get  a  repetition  of  the  consonants  t  and  d 
without  writing  them  at  length,  the  single  strokes   |  and 

,  by  being  compressed  into  lialf  their  length,  are  made 
to  represent  the  addition  of  a  t  and  d.  Resort  is  had  to 
the  same  means  for  the  addition  of  t  and  d  to  all  the 
other  consonants,  except  the  strokes  y,  w,  h,  ng,  which 
are  not  made  half-length. 

111.  To  illustrate  this  principle,  suppose  the  word 
faded  is  to  be  written :  there  are  three  consonants  in  it, 
all  downward  strokes,  which  would  carry  the  last  d  the 
length  of  two  strokes  below  the  line;  but  by  making  the 
first  d  half  its  usual  length,  another  d  is  supposed  to  be 
added,  and  the  word  is  thus  neatly  written :    V;     faded. 


HALF    LEXUTII    STROKES  97 

The  principle  is  further  illustrated  by  the  following 
words:  j  _  talk,  i_  talked;  /\  wrap,  /^  wrapped;  i.  v. 
lice,  '• 


112.  A  vowel  before  a  half-length  consonant  is  read 
before  both  letters;  as    \flrpf,    J  east,  >i   art,  _  :  act;  but 
when  placed  after,  it  is  read   immediately  after  the  pri- 
mary letter,   and  the  added  t  or  d  follows,  it;  thus,  " 
caught,    ^  read,  V  spite,   L^confempf,     /     little. 

113.  As   a   general    thing   the    light   strokes,   when 
halved,  are  followed  by  the  light  sound  t;  as,  (    thought, 

^  9lfti  f'-'Kyht;  an(l  the  heavy  ones  by  the  heavy 
sound  d;  thus,  J  ?/-  ^V.  moved.  Frequently, 

however,  the  heavy  sound  d  is  read  from  a  half-length 
light  consonant,  and  vice  versa,  the  light  sound  t  is  read 
from  a  half-length  heavy  consonant;  as,    ^-*/*  melted, 
>.    peopled,   f\.     alphabet. 

114.  Since,   however,   the   heavy  strokes   occupying 
the  places  of  r,  I,  m,  and  «,  are  not  made  half-length, 
these   four  letters,  when  followed  by  a  d,  are,  for  the 
sake  of  distinction,  made  heavy;  as,    /    cheered,  */*~  old, 

\^  fi'i-iii'if  :  and  light  when  :i  t  follows:  as,  "^  art,  y^ 
diU'jht,  \^  remit.  The  I  is  struck  upward  when  t  is  to 
be  added,  and  when  d,  downward,  since  in  this  direction 
it  is  more  easy  to  make  a  heavy  stroke. 

115.  Strokes  beginning  or  ending  with  the  s-circle, 
or  either  of  the  hooks,  or  both  hook  and  circle,  are  also 
made   half-length,   when    necessary;    thus,    \   speed,  X 
fm:ift.  T  treat,  \  complete,^  freight,    {•  straight,  -f  settled; 
^  {"-'ids,  ^  mates.  V  band,  \a  patient,  <•  plant,  -n  grand; 
the  order  of  reading  being  the  same  as  in  the  full  length 
strokes. 


98  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

116.  It  must  be  observed  that  when  the  circle  s  is 
written  to  a  half-length  consonant  it  must  be  read  after 
the  added  t  or  d;  because  the  s  is  added  to  the  consonant 
after  it  has  been  halved,  and  because  it  cannot  be  added 
to  tlie  circle;  thus,    \  pat,  \;  pats,  (notpasf,)  V^.  fat,  \^ 
fats,  (not  fast.} 

117.  Half-length  consonants,  unconnected  with  other 
strokes,  should  be  employed  only  for  words  containing 
but  one  vowel;  as   £•  void,  ^  night;  and  the  two  full 
length  letters  should  be  used  in  words  containing   two 

i  V  ^     f\t 

or  more  vowels;  as   S-»  avoid,  '     \  unit. 

118.  The  past  tense  of  verbs  ending  like  \/  part,  are 
more  conveniently  written  thus,  \/<  parted,  than  ^j 

119.  There  are  a  few  words  in  which  t  and  d  occur 
three  times  in  succession,  which  make  it  necessary  to  sep- 
arate the  half-length  from  the  long  stroke;  as,  ••'  ^attitude. 

120.  Since  the  half-lengths  occupy  only  a  portion  of 
the  usual  space,  they  follow  the  rules  given  to  the  hori- 
zontals, of  accented  vowel  positions,  above  or  on  the  line 
according  as  the  consonant  has  a  first,  second,  or  third 
place  vowel  ;  thus,  1     street,  °x  spread,  ^  find,  \ji  found. 

READING  EXERCISE  XXX. 


-V    I     l 


I 

.  I 
—' 


HALF    LENGTH    STKOKKS. 


L. 


DALLAS, 


REAPING  EXERCISE  XXXI. 

Pet,  fat,  Jet,  lar,  mat,  not,  spot,  skot,  savil,  solt,  smjt, 
sent; — port  it,  benci,  kontend,  ordand,  enjcrnd.  knid,  rer'jnd, 
Icnh-nd,  land,  mjnd; — pants,  band/,  pretend/,,  kontents,  dis- 
ksnts; — i'riMid,  advent,  hqrdli,  servd,  knnsijmd,  hold/, — 
[Stroke  ti:  beted,  habit,  hurld,] — perild,  uprjt,  gqrded,  deljted, 
upward,  persevd,  qjld,  lektynrd. 

121.  Under  certain  circumstances  t  and  d  should  not 
be  represented  by  half-length  strokes:  First,  When  a 
vowel  follows  t  or  d  at  the  end  of  a  word;  thus,  having 
—  r  guilt,  we  cannot  make  guilty  by  placing  y  after  the 
half-length  I,  for  it  would  then  read  guilit;  hence  the 
stroke  t  must  be  written  in  order  to  give  a  place  after  it 

for   the   vowel;   thus,    ("\  guilty.      Second,    In    many 

words  of  one  syllable,  where  if  the  vowels  were  omitted, 
or  indistinct,  they  would  be  mistaken  for  the  vowel 
word-signs;  thus,  \  Lad,  instead  of  V;  \  put,  in- 
stead of  v  Third,  When  the  half-stroke  would  not 
make  a  distinct  angle  with  the  preceding  or  following 
stroke,  as  ""  |  amend,  instead  of  ""^'. 


122.      HALF-LENGTH  WORD- SIGNS. 


-{ 

M 
<{ 


quite 

could 

particular-ly 

opportunity 

that 

without 

gentlemen 
gentleman 

great 
called* 


f  God 
(  good 
(  cannot 
|  account 

went 

wont 

(  not 
)  nature 

might* 
)     establish-^lf" 


^  J  immediate-ly 

|  made 
^  |  Lord 

[  word 
P      told 
1       toward 


°\ 


according-ly*      J     short* 


thought* 
after 

spirit* 
under 
world 


100 


MANUAL    OP    PHONOGRAPHY. 


READING  EXERCISE  XXXI. 


,  \ 


\ 


\ 


c 


'^v 

\ 


^    x      A 

\  -^ 


HALF    LENGTH    STItOKES.  101 

WRITING  EXERCISE  XXXII. 
L6RENS  LaZI,  OR  LEKNITJ  FOXOGRAFI. 


Tu  lern,  er  'not'  tu  lern,  'dat-'  iz  de  kwestyon: 

Hweder  -tiz  nobler  in  de  mind  tu  sufer 

tie  kompleks  kwiblz  ov  ambigyii.us  Loghand; 

Or  tu  opoz  \vid  pen  and  vers  a  tszand  erorz, 

And,  bj  opozig,  end  dem?  —  Tu  leru,  —  tu  rjt,  — 

And,  bj  Fonografi  tu  sa  we  end 

<Ie  felsitiz,  de  tszand  tedyus  ila 

Loghand  prodqsez  —  'tiz  a  konsumajon 

Devstli  tu  be  \vijt.     Tu  rjt;  —  tu  lern;  — 

Tu  lern!  but  den  tu  wurk;  —  qi,  dqrz  de  rub; 

Fer,  tu  akwjr  dis  qrt,  hxvot  toi  nia  kum 

&r  i  kau  Jufl  of  mj  habits  old, 

Xud  giv  me  pez;  daj'z  de  rcspekt 

'flat'  maks  Ortografi  ov  so  log  Ijf; 

Fer  ho>  \vud  bqr  de  imimerabl  ilz  ov  Loghand, 

Its  bqrbarus  legf),  its  ambigniti, 

Its  cjild-tormentig  difikultiz,  and 

Its  wont  ov  rol,  tugeder  wid  de  tcrl 

Hwiq  pajent  skrjbz  ov  suq  a  sistem  hav, 

Hwen  he  himself  'mjt'  hiz  relesuient  mak 

AVid  a  Duzn  Lesonz?     Ha>  yet  wud  yq,z 

(Tis  bq.rbarus  relik  ov  ~sr  bj-gon  daz, 

But  'dat'  de  dred  ov  sumtig  tu  be  lernt,  — 

(•clat1  wek  un  man  li  ez,  from  hcoz  embras 

No  lazi  man  kan  <fet,)  —  puzlz  de  wil, 

And  maks  him  rader  bj\r  e'n  folsitiz, 

clan  lern  de  tro>t  lie  yet  uoz  nutig  ov. 

<Ius  indolens  to>  oft  retqrdz  de  mind; 

And  dus  de  progres  ov  a  yi^sful  qrt 

Iz  qekt,  but  not  prevented;  fer  de  tjui 

\\\\  kum   hsven  dis  sani  bref  Fonografi 

Eal  tqumf  OT  its  i'inal  oponent. 

REVIEW.  —  (110.)  What  is  the  second  mode  for  representing  t  and  d  f 
Explain  the  philosophy  of  halving  a  consonant.  (113.  )  What  is  the  gen- 
eral rule  for  knowing  whether  a  t  or  a  d  is  added?  (114.)  What  strokes 
are  tint  written  half-length?  What  halt-length  light  strokes  are  nia.le 
heavy  for  the  addition  of  d  f  In  what  direction  are  the  half-lengths  I 
and  r  struck,  for  the  addition  of  d  ?  for  the  addition  of  if  (11<>.)  When 
the  circle  «  is  written  at  the  end  of  a  half-length  siirn.  is  it  read  before  or 
alter  the  added  t  or  d  ?  (119.)  How  are  words  written  in  which  t  and  d 
occur  three  tiuu><  in  •  121.  What  is  the  first  case  in  which  a 

stroke  should  uot  be  halved  for  a  following  t  or  c/  f   The  second?  the  third? 


11. 


SPECIAL  CONSONANT  CONTRACTIONS. 

The  s-circlel  initial  and  final  hooks,  and  half-length 
stems,  are  contracted  modes  of  writing  that  admit  of 
general  application,  and  of  perfect  vocalization.  But 
as  Phonography  studies  the  greatest  degree  of  abbrevia- 
tion, consistent  with  legibility,  a  few  combinations  of 
consonants,  and  some  syllables  of  frequent  occurrence, 
are  provided  with  special  forms  of  contraction,  some  of 
which  only  are  capable  of  vocalization. 

Of  these  there  are  the  frequent  st,  in  the  past  parti- 
ciple of  verbs  ending  in  s,  in  the  superlative  of  adjec- 
tives, and  in  many  other  words,  as  pressed,  wisest,  stiff ; 
the  str  in  the  comparative  of  adjectives,  &c.,  as  faster, 
sister ;  the  initial  in,  of  instruction,  inspiration,  <£v.,  and 
the  final  s-shn  of  some  nouns,  &&  position;  many  of  which 
it  would  often  be  inconvenient  to  write  with  the  means 
thus  far  afforded. 

There  are  also  pieixes,  derived  f/orn  the  Latin,  of 
frequent  occurrence,  but  of  inconvenient  length,  as 
accom-pl  ish,  incon-sidi-rnte,  rccom-penst',  enter-pris",  circum- 
vent. The  method  of  writing  the 30  contractions  consti- 
tutes the  last  lesson  proper  of  the  system,  and  is  one 
that  should  receive  special  attention,  in  order  that  the 
somewhat  arbitrary  mode  of  writing  shall  not  be  for- 
otten. 


,S7'    AM)     ,Y7'A'     LOOPS.  103 

THE    LOOPS   ST  AND   STR. 

12.'*.  The  plan  of  writing  st  in  some  shorter  way  than 
by  the  circle  s  and  stroke  t,  was  devised  chiefly  for  the 
purpose  of  still  farther  obviating  the  difficulty  of  words 
running  too  far  below  the  line.  By  simply  lengthening 
the  s-circlc  to  one-third  the  length  of  the  stroke  on 
which  it  occurs,  the  sound  of  t  is  added;  thus,  >c  base, 
\v  Lam-d,  /'^fx  rejoice,  <"0  r<joic<d;  \^'  vast,  \^  jn-!<st. 
In  other  words,  a  loop  written  one-third  the  length  of  the 
consonant  to  which  it  is  attached,  represents  the  com- 
bined sounds  of  s  and  t,  with  no  vowel  between  them  ; 
and  by  license  it  may  also  represent  zd. 

12k  The  s  or  z  may  be  added  for  plurals,  &c.,  by 
striking  the  loop  through  the  long  sign  and  forming  the 
circle  on  the  opposite  side;  as,  \^  beasts,  •-£  nests. 

125.  This  loop  may  also  be  written  initially;  as  in 
the  words  '\  stop,  •['  staff,  V  sf«jf\  -  0  style.  And  it 
may  be  used  between  two  strokes,  only  when  written  to  t, 
d,  t/i,  j ;  as  ^v^_  testify,  l>^~7  (Uxtniytilxh,  &y^  jltsf'fy- 

120.  When  this  loop  is  written  in  the  position  of  the 
r-hook,  like  the  s-circle  it  takes  the  additional  power  of 
r:  thus,  \  stonpn;  ^  sticker;  and  when  turned  in 
the  j/-hook  position,  it  assumes  the  power  of  that  hook; 
as  ]•  condensed,  —«-~>  against. 

227.  Half-length  strokes  also  admit  of  the  sMoop,  to 
a  limited  extent  ;  as  '  "  n<!<ht,  mP  student. 

12S.  AVhen  a  word  begins  with  a  vowel,  followed  by 
st  or  ;.W,  the  half-length  stroke,  and  not  the  loop,  must 
be  used;  as,  "}/^  history,  I  irixdom,  2-^.  sysfiui. 

12'.).  15 v  extending  the  loop  to  two-thirds  the  length 
of  the  stroke,  r  is  added  ;  as  in  the  words  c\  Webster, 
Q  sister,  "^  inastir.  This  loop  should  not  be  used 


104  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

initially.  It  may  be  turned  on  the  ra-hook  side  of  the 
stroke  to  express  nsfr;  as  \\  punster;  and  the  circle  s 
may  he  used  as  with  the  s#-locp  ;  thus,  J^  festers,  «^> 
masters. 

130.  WORD-SIGN.  —  The  s^-loop  is  used  as  a  word-sign 
for  first,  written  on  the  line  and  inclined  to  the  right, 
thus,  0  . 

HEADING  EXERCISE  XXXIT. 


r-  <*     ~i  /  x  *\  \  f 


V  ^  \\ 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXXIII. 

Past,  host,  dust,  tast,  <;est,  kost,  gust,  fest,  safest,  rost, 
arest,  arszd,  rust,  lest,  last,  mist,  most,  ami^zd,  fjnest,  de- 
nsnst;  —  stop,  stedfast,  stagnant,  stif,  stov,  ster,  stil,  stem; 
—  stoper,  stajer,  stager;  —  clistir/ktli,  justifikajon;  —  bests,  hosts, 
kasts,  rezists,  infests,  masts;  —  stilt,  sterd,  stord,  stamt;  — 
kondenst,  agenst.  Boster,  bluster,  faster,  blister,  sister,  im- 
poster;  —  punster,  spinsters.  Stated,  advanst,  suprest,  pretckst, 
prodiist. 


KXKIU  ISKS    »>N    T1IK    X7'    l.(Kil>.  105 

liF.ADIMl     KXF.KCISE     XXXIII. 

•  \  ^   j"  ,^    ~  ;U 

•  "I"  x    \          •"  \       K         (    /     / 

o  Ni D    /  V    ,       X a      \     /          <S 

* *">  O  f        "  ^ 

.    V»      .  *     ,          I      ^        I  5T>T 

£  •"  x        V  /      °        x^V»       >v ' 

•  •  S%    /  ;  "x  /  ^ 

_  '-  ,  x  '  ^  X.    vi.  .  ^\  ./' 

"  i  °  *  x^  -  n  v^v,. 

^    •    ^        •  ^-<    •  i 

1  u  ^     \  )  '•  •        -  ^ 

^  v^  ^  (  N  ,  ^  ^  ' 

,    )     i     ,    .     S     "     \    x 

1 

WRITINC  EXERCISE  XXXIV. 

rTC  TEMPKST. — On  de  'ferst'  da  st  de  master  ov  -sr  fast     ' 
Mi)  vesel,  in  de  mills:  «v  ci  kqm,   ])rofest  tu  se  in  de  distant 
!  storm   aprooii).     At  't'erst,'   we  hist,   but  sa>n   de 
fninii)  k rests  danst  iq^on  de  \vavz;  de  blakest  kl^dz  lamd  up; 
de  t'rvsot  litniij  perst  dr  «,'la,ni;  de  Jqrpcst  and   heviest  tunder 
mad  sfstost  hqrts  t-cinb!.     <Te  sterner,  mentjm,  forst  her  \\a, 
l>re.-tii)  de  l'ilr>/.  l^nivli.     Stedili  s'erig  for  de  distant  port,  we 
suprust  sr  ferz  and  sail!  reQt  de  l.uid. 


106  MANUAL    OP    PHONOGRAPHY. 

PECULIAR  MODE  OF  WRITING  Jff  AXD  SHUT. 

131.  When  the  sounds  spr,  str,  and  skr  follow  n  in 
such  words  as  inspiration,  instruct,  inscribe,  it  is  impossi- 
ble, with  the  former  mode  of  writing  n,  to  write  the  circle 
sr  to  the  strokes  p,  t,  k,  without  making  it  on  the  back 
of  the  n,  thus         J  ,  which  is  difficult  to  do,  and   un- 
seemly when  done.     To  obviate  this  difficulty  the  stroke 
'^-^  is  permitted,  in  these  cases,  to  be  struck  backward 
or  vertically,  as  the  nature  of  the  case  may  require ;  but, 
as  there  is  never  occasion  for  any  vowel  but  the  first 
place  i,  the  stroke  for  the  n  need  not  be  written  full 
length ;  indeed,  it  may  be  regarded  as  the  ?i-hook  used 

Q-^  O"l  7}         \ 

initially ;   thus,    I  '      instruction,     ^x     insuperable,    •      \j 
inscription.  ^ 

132.  In  a  considerable  class  of  words  the  syllable 
tion  follows  after  the  sound  of  s  or  z,  as  position,  decision, 
&c.,  which  would  require  that   the   strokes  for   these 
sounds,  with  the  s/wt-hook  appended,  be  employed ;  but 
such   would   be   inconvenient  forms,   and   hence   it   is 
allowable  to  use  the  circle  and  turn  a  hook  for  tion  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  stroke ;  thus,  4i  decision,   /^ 
supposition;  the  same  license  is  allowed  for  the  loops  st 
and  str;  thus,  ^pv        molestation,    -i    ^illustration.     This 
hook  is  used  in  .some  such  words  as     ^>e  persuasion;  and 
it  may  also  be  used  when   followed  by  the  termination 
al;  as,  \b  positional. 

133.  If  it  be  required  to  write  the  syllable  tion  after 
ns,  the  circle  for  the   latter  combination   may   be   em- 
ployed, and  the  hook  turned  on  the  opposite  side ;  thus, 

Nv^    compensation.     The    plural  may  be  formed,  in  all 
these  cases,  by  adding  the  circle  to  the  s/m-hook ;  thus, 
£^  superstitions,    fc  condensations. 


KXKiirrxK  ox  TM;:  IXITIAI.  .v  l!>7 


HEADLV;   Kxr.nci.sK  XXXI V. 

0        \  s**  s 

\    u 


-    v       r 

h  > 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXXV. 

Instiperabl,  instrukt,  instrcDment,  instrcDmcntaliti,  inskrjbd, 
inskratabl; — pozijon,  dcsigon,  kezajon,  sivilizajon.  nnizijan; 
— inanifestajon,  inkrustajon,  kondensaj'on,  dispensajon; — sup- 
ozijonz,  akiizajonz,  ilustrajonz,  sensajonz. 

Studi  kondensajon  in  yo>r  stil  ov  kompozijon,  fer  rto  it  ma 
kost  y;D  sura  trubl  at  t'or»t,  yet  it  wil  asist  VCD  tu  master  per- 
^pikqiti  and  presigon,  on  df  akwizijon  ov  liwic,  qast  and  pser- 
ful  rjtii]  iz  bast.  Prom  ted  bj,  a  dczjr  for  de  akwizijon  ov  weifi, 
man  stein/,  dt-  storm/:  ov  dt  oj'iin,  land/,  on  cveri  kost,  in  spjt 
ov  df  i^ratest  danjer/,  arj/.ii)  from  kljnmt  or  dc  hand  ov  unsivil- 
jzd  man.  Rclijon  t'oKjz  in  dr  \\ak  nv  kotn^ra, kontendig agenst 
its  evil/.;  and  dns,  Invjl  savaj  iiaj'onz  cir  blu.-t  \vid  de  Ijt  ov  siv- 
ilizajon, da  qr  jnit  in  po/.ejon  ov  de  \vnrd  ov  inspiiajoo,  and 
tot  de  o^ust  tradz  ov  de  gospjl  dispengajon. 


108  MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


REVIEW.— (123.)  How  are  ft  and  zd  written?  (124.)  How  may  the 
circle  be  added?  (125.)  In  what  situations  may  the  loop  be  written? 
(126.)  When  written  in  the  place  of  the  r-hook,  what  power  does  it  give 
the  stroke?  What,  when  written  in  the  »-hook  place?  (127.)  How 
should  the  words  midst  and  student,  be  written?  (128.)  In  what  case  is 
the  loop  not  to  be  used?  (129.)  How  is  »tr  written?  What  effect  does 
it  have  on  this  loop  to  place  it  on  the  »-hook  side?  If  the  sound  of  s  fol- 
low, how  is  it  written?  (130.)  What  is  the  word-sign  in  this  lesson? 
(131.)  When  is  it  necessary  to  use  the  peculiar  mode  of  writing  n?  How 
is  it  written?  (132.)  Under  what  circumstance  is  the  peculiar  sTin  em- 
ployed? How  is  it  written?  (133.)  Suppose  it  be  required  to  write  shtt. 
after  nt,  how  is  it  done?  If  s  f»?low  the  thn,  how  may  it  be  written? 


lesson  12. 

PREFIXES   AND  OTHER  CONTRACTIONS. 

134.  PREFIXES. — The  following  arc  some  additional 
prefixes  and  affixes  that  are  found  convenient  and  sug- 
gestive with  the  advanced  phonographer.  They  should 
be  written  near  the  word,  but  not  joined. 

A<-<;,m  is  expressed  by  the  sign  —  &,  placed  before  the 
initial  end  ofjthe  following  consonant ;  thus,  \__> 
accompany,  \o  accomplice. 

Circum,  by  a  small  circle  placed  in  the  first  vowel  posi- 
tion  of  the    next  consonant;  as,      '    circum$(«nc< , 
~^\  circumscribe. 

D«:om,  by     I    as,    I    jo    decomposition. 
Discom,  discon,  by  t  as,  \of/\     disconcerted . 

Iitcom.  incon.  by  — '  written  above  the  other  part  of 
the  word ;  as,  V  incomplete,  ^-P  inconsistent. 

r.  In  fro,  by  ^  in  any  position  near  the  following 
letter ;  as,  **  v«  interview,  L.J  introduction.  By 
some  kind  of  license  the  frequent  word  interest  is 
allowed  to  be  written  thus:  |  ,  the  prefix  int<r 
leing  united  with  the  stroke  st. 

i'uii.    o          i  us.        \'J    >    irreconciluhli . 


110  MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

Magna,  magni,  by  '"~x  written  above  the  after  part  of 
the  word;  as,  '>!>— ^  magnanimous,  '\^_  magnify. 

Recog,  by  /  as,  /v~*  recognize. 

Rccom,  recon,  by  /  as,  /^  recommend,  ^Q\  recoji- 
cilable. 

Self,  by  a  circle  at  the  middle  place  of  the  next  conso- 
nant; as,  J>/  selfish. 

Uncom,  nncon,  ^J\ „ written  on  the  line;  as,  ^-^  un- 
common. ^_JL  unconditional. 

r 

It  is  allowable  to  represent  a  prefix  which  is  similar 
in  sound  to  one  of  the  foregoing,  by  one  of  the  signs 
there  furnished;  thus,  ^  may  represent  enter,  as  well 
as  inter;  and  v — ^  may  represent  encum,  incum,  as  well 
as  incom,  incon. 

135.  AFFIXES. — The    following   affixes    are    written 
near  the  preceding  part  of  the  word : — 

Bility,  by    \  as,    */\.  durability,    ^^  probability. 

i  written  after  the  word  ;  thus,  N^  f~  patiently, 
constantly.  But  where  it  can  be  written  on 
without  lifting  the  pen,  it  is  better  to  do  so  ;  thus, 
X<  abundantly. 

I 
Ment,    by   -o    as,    -^    atonement,    ^   contentment.     But 

it  may  often   be  written   without  disconnecting  it 

from  the  body  of  the  word. 
Self,  by  a  circle,  as,       "    myself.     Selves,  by  making  the 

circle  double  size;  as,  (o   tltemselves,   fo    yourselves. 
S!u'p,  by  _J  as,     ^J   lordship. 

136.  A  word-sign   may   be   used  as  a  prefix   or  an 
affix ;  as,   -^    advantageous,  '    i^.  hereafter. 


KRCISK    (i.\    PREKIXKS    AND    AFKIXKS.  Ill 


READING  EXERCISE  XXXV. 


>x 


(•  ^    x£    (o 

>  A,J  (, 


'.    5 


112  MANUAL    OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXXVI. 

Akomplijment,  akomodafon,  serkumfleks,  serkumnavigat, 
dekompoz,  diskontiny^d,  inkompatibl,  inkonsolabl,  inter- 
upfon,  introdiis,  magnifisent,  rekognijon,  rekonsiliajon,  self- 
ajurans,  unkompromizin,  posibiliti,  konsekwentli,  himself, 
hersmanjip,  d^rfor, 


Lern  tu  akomodat  yoorself  tu  serkumstansez.  Serkumstan- 
Jal  evidens  Jud  be  kejusli  entertand  agenst  batman  Ijf.  Be 
serkumspekt  in  el  yo>r  waz.  It  is  unkonfermabl  tu  troyf)  tu 
sa  dat  kompajon,  frendjip,  &s.,  qr  at  de  botom  onli  selfijnes 
in  disgjz;  bekez  it  iz  we  •srselvz  laco  fel  plegur  er  pan  in  de 
gud  er  evil  ov  uderz;  fer  de  menig  ov  selMuv  iz,  not  dat  it  iz 
I  dat  luvz,  but  dat  j  luv  myself. 

If  de  ert  be  serkumskrjbd  at  de  ekwator,  we  obtan  its 
gratest  serktimferens,  hwiq  iz  abst  24,780  mjlz;  a  magnitud 
hwiq  we  kan  not  term  inkonsevabl,  oldo  we  ma  not  entcrtan  a 
veri  distigkt  jdea  ov  it,  mucj  mor  wud  de  savaj  be  tmkonjus  ov 
the  fakt  and  unkonvinst,  in  spjt  ov  yoor  endevorz  tu  proov  it. 
For  unles  tanjibl  proof  akumpani  de  aserjon,  yoo  kan  not  akom- 
plij  ycor  am,  and  suq  praf  iz  unkontrovertibli  imposibl.  We 
rekomend  tu  el,  never  tu  undertak  givig  a  serkumstanjal 
eksplanajon  tu  doz  hco  q,r  inkompeteut  tu  understand  it. 


137.  NOMINAL  CONSONANT. — It  is  sometimes  neces- 
sary to  express  one  or  more  vowels  or  dipb.tb.ongs  with- 
out a  consonant.  In  this  case  'f  )(  \> ,  may  be  em- 
ployed as  outlines  having  no  specific  values,  to  which 
the  vowels  may  be  placed ;  thus,  \  E.,  for  Edward  or 
Edmund;  "j  A.,  for  Alfred;  'Jfc  Eah,  an  Irish  family 
surname,  &c.  The  dash-vowels  may  be  struck  through 
the  nominal  consonant,  as  "j"  ^->  f°r  Oliver,  -j-  U. 
Proper  names  should  be  written  in  full  when  they  are 
known. 


VARIOUS    CONTRACTIONS.  113 

138.  STROKE   //.  —  The    stroke  7t   is    generally  used 
when  it  is   initial   and   is   followed    by   s;    thus,    £~— 
hasten;  also  when  r  and  a  vowel,  or  r  and  some  other 
consonant  follow;  thus  ^-<^^  hurry,  f^-~r^/'  horizontal, 
<r-  —  ~-""]  hurt;  also,  in  word's  that  contain  no  other  conso- 
nant than  hi,  and  end  in  a  vowel  :  thus,    ^  —  '•      h'>li/. 

139.  VOCAI.IZING    THE    LAROE    CIRCLE.  —  The   large 
circle  ss  is  understood  to  represent  a  syllable  containing 
the  vowels  t  or  <•,  thus,  s/s  or  sr.s.     It  may  be  vocalized 
to  express  any  vowel  or  diphthong:  as,      ^    jn-i^unxire. 

140.  When  p  occurs   between  m  and    /.   and   /.•  be- 
tween n<j  and  ah,  (the  p  and  /.-  being  organically  inserted 
in  speech,  in  passing  to  the  next  consonant,)  these  let- 
ters may   be   omitted;   thus,    /-^    /iiiij),    ^    limped,    <?*< 
stamp,    tr-x   stainprJ,    c    s    ait.fious,    [r~->    distinction. 

In  cases  where  t  comes  between  s  and  another  conso- 
nant. the  t  may  generally  be  omitted  without  detriment 
to  legibility  ;  thus,  /'p/,.'"  mostly,  /&  restless,  ^^  post- 
pniii'.  ^—  TJ^_  ini&tnkc. 

141.  OF   THE.  —  The    connective    phrase    "of   the," 
which  merely  points  out  that  the  following  noun   is  in 
the  possessive   case,  is  infiumfr,/  by  writing  the  words 
between  which  it  occurs  ;/"//•  to  each  other,  thus  showing 
by   their  proximity  that  the  one  is  of  the  other  ;  thus, 

love  of  the  beautiful,    N^       subject  of  the  work. 


REVIEW.  —  (134.)  How  is  the  prefix  awm  written?   Circum?   Decom? 
Ditaom,  ditcont   I  '    Inter,  intro;  iittcrettf   In-eom?  llayna, 

.'    A'I  ,-'iir;  fi'-i/tn..  n-i--i>i  7    Si-//.'    I'n,  -i  ill.  wicnn?     How  may  etiter  be 
written?      /.!  '        \'-''i.  )  How  is   the   affix   HUtif  written?    lyf 

mtnt?  I-'.1'.      M'hat  i~  sniJ  about  word-signs  in   this  con- 

iiuction?  (137.)  Explain  the  nominal  consonant.  (138.)  Under  what 
circumstances  is  the  stroke  It  generally  u^L-il?  i  loll.)  How  may  the  double 
circle  be  vocalized?  (140.)  When  may  p  be  omitted?  /.-,  and  tl  (141.) 
'\Yhat  is  said  of  the  phrase  »f  tlie. 


10 


I  BBS  Oil    13. 


UN  VOCALIZED  WRITING  —  PHRASEOGRAPHY,  AC. 

142.  As   in   some   of   the   preceding   exercises    the 
manner  of  writing  certain  words   has  been  introduced 
that  would   not  admit  of  full  vocalization,  the  learner 
may    commence    omitting  some  of  the  least  prominent 
vowels  in  his  common  words.     As  a  general  thing  these 
omissions   should    be  the   unaccented   vowels.     But   in 
reporting,  no  vowels  are  inserted,  except  an  occasional 
one  that  is  necessary  to  distinguish  one  word  from  an- 
other, where  both  have  the  same  consonant  outline.     It 
requires  a  good  degree  of  familiarity  with  the  system  to 
be  able  to  read  this  style  of  writing  readily.     After  re- 
ports are  taken,  however,  it  is  customary  to  go  over  the 
manuscript  and  insert  the  prominent  vowels,  so  that  any 
one  may  afterward  read  it  with  ease. 

143.  Positive    and    negative   words    containing    the 
same  consonants,  should  be  distinguished  thus : — When 
the  word  commences  with  r,   (except  this  letter  is  fol- 
lowed by  »?,)  write  the  upward  r  for  the  positive  word, 
and  the  downward  one  for  the  negative  ;  thus,  s\  re- 
sponsible,     <^,  irresponsible;  /*     resolute,      O~~   irresolute. 
The    common    words     •p--'       mortal,     jZ^L—    immortal, 
^/•f  material,   _2^JL   immaterial,    may    be    distinguished 
by   writing  the  positive  on  the  line,  and  the  negative 
above  it.     In  all  other  cases,  insert  the  initial  vowel  in 
the  negative  word ;  thus,     <Q   illegible,  &c.     The  vowel 
should  be  written  first,  that  it  may  not  be  omitted. 


AVORDS    HAVING    TMK    SAMK    CONSONANTS.  115 

LIST   OP   WORDS   CONTAINING   TIIK    SAME    CONSONANTS. 
Kttinfftttthed  1»j  a  difference  of  outline. 


v       \     pattern,  patron 
NO       )        patient,  passionate 
\X\o  fX\      purpose,  perhaps 
^   \/f      proceed,  pursued 
\     A   %^  property,  propriety 

°V  -<\—  e\         preparation,  appropriation  proportion 
^     \)    \^ 

N.        V^v     A    proportioned,  proportionate. 
<\ — -j       |        protection,  production 
N    \X)    pertain,  appertain 

prosecute,  persecute 

prosecution,  persecution 
oppressor,  pursuer 
v          ^  beautify,  beatify 

\/f   %  birth,  breath 

[/)       ^       i^  Tartar,  traitor,  trader 
J      I/  train,  turn 


116  MANUAL   OP    PHONOGRAPHY. 

0  .,    l_^    attainable,  tenable 

*L_    V         daughter,  debter,  and  deter 
_^\— „_._  L     auditor,  auditory,  editor 

1  \      diseased,  deceased 
j~~      L     desolate,  dissolute 

desolation,  dissolution 
idleness,  dullness 

^,  o     demonstrate,  administrate 
V 

agent,  gentleman 
gentle,  genteel 

I          cost,  caused 

=1 — — ..f^...  collision,  coalition,  collusion 

s~  c — \  /f 

>s</7     corporal,  corporeal 

<=--^s> 

credence,  accordance 

greatly,  gradually 
favored,  favorite 

fiscal,  physical 


HAVIXc;    T1IK    SA.MK    CONSONANTS.  117 

X>^       firm,  frame, — form,  farm 
>.   support,  separate 

steady,  study, — stead 
J        situation,  station 
J      J       sure,   assure 
s*\    s^\\      labored,  elaborate 
f       /      A    learned,   v.,  adj. 

writer,  reader,  orator,  rhetor 

\        I 

/r        /       |    ruined,   renewed 

impatient,   impassioned 
innovation,  invasion 

^"1         ^\^       indefinite,  undefined 
lr— ' 

^~  L         "~  V      unavoidable,  inevitable 

This  list  might  be  greatly  extended,  but  space  will 
not  permit  it  here;  from  the  examples  given,  the  stu- 
dent   will    learn   what  form    to   give  each   word,    where 
different  outlines  arc  ivijuired   for  words  that  might  be 
misread  if  written    alike.       Quite   an    extensive    list    of 
words,  two  or  more  of  them   having  the  same  outline, 
--arily,  are  distinguished  by  position;  of  which  take 
the    following:     piety.1    pity.-     opposition,1    position,* 
-ion  j3     prescription.1    proscription3,  &c. 


118                         MANUAL   OP  PHONOGRAPHY. 

ALL  THE  WORD-SIGNS   ALPHABETICALLY  ARRANGED. 

Those  marked  with  a  *  are  written,  above  the  line. 

.    A 

j    dear 

^—  '  in* 

c~    according* 

c  difficulty 

o     jg^: 

—*  account 

I    do 

it 

/   advantage 

J    done 

—  »"  common* 

V.    after 

)     establish-611 

IDC-Ill 

-  —  s  language 

—  ,  again 

^  every 

"\    Lord* 

s     all* 

S  first 

\  member 

f      alone 

\^  for 

might* 

1     already* 

}  from 

c  —  -  more 

.     an,  and 

^  full 

^  Mr.* 

/  are 

</     general-ly 

"~^  my,  me* 

o    as 

</    gentleman 

^.    nature 

\  be 

y    gentlemen* 

-^^  no 

\  been 

—  give-n* 

^_^  nor* 

0    beyond* 

—   God* 

^  not* 

i    but 

—  good 

\  object 

c  —  call* 

c—  great 

\jobjection 

«=—  called* 

V  have 

s     of* 

—  a  can 

^-^  him 

1     oh,  before 

—3  cannot* 

A    how 

7  on* 

c  —  care 

v     Jifc 

c  x  one 

-"  child* 

•^  immediate-ly* 

^—  y  opinion* 

come,  common* 

x    *  importan1  * 

A                    C6 

\   opportunity 

—  could 

^  —  .  improve-ment 

;    or* 

ALL    THE    WORD-SIiiNS.                                  119 

*  ought* 

)    their,  there 

c    were 

*\    particular* 

'thin::* 

•"     what* 

\o  Phonography 

(      think 

•^-^  'when* 

_s  pleasure 

lo    this 

c/  where 

«\                  •            •       fll-lv 

\  pnncip™'  'J 
—    quite* 

(     thought* 
)    three 

/  which 
L    while 

<£    -  remark* 

X            tO 

s    who 

\  remember 

together 

i-     why* 

J  shall-t 

told 

r  win 

-?   short* 

1    toward 

c    with* 

/    should 

)     S(t 

|    truth 

\     two 

(    without 
<^  wont 

^v   spirit* 

^    under 

~>    word 

\  subject 

\   up 

c/    world 

\^  subjection 

upon 

5    would 

-/  sure 

^  usual 

w    ye* 

f     tell,  till 

)     was 

u    yet 

(     that* 
'     the* 
(     them 

A  way 

c     we* 
C  well 

"  you 

f      your 

o     yours 

(^    then 

c^  went* 

On    the  following    page  is  a  different  class  of  word- 

signs,  their  signification    being  indicated  by  the  position 

in  which  the  sign  is  written  to  the  line.     Three  positions 

are  recognized  :  on  the  line,  above  the  line,  and  through 

or  below  the  line.     In  the  table  the  line  of  writing  is 

suggested  by  a  dotted  line,  which  will  guide  the  learner 

!    as  to  where  the  word  should  be  written. 

12U                          MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 

•~f--    Allow 

-^\-  however 

..„_   perfect 

v.—-^  another 

V.    if 

practicable 

any 

"i~  itself 

—  _L    read 

..!_    at 

~^    kind 

•\ 

) 

1 

.....     see 

_7>v     away 

-/-.  large 

._/..    than 

,  —  %     may 

..{'...    thank 

[^      different 

^~^    me,  my 

(       thee 

Doctor 

_  mind 

(j       these 

---!•--   down 

--X-   much 

—  ^--    those 

—  '  neither 

--}--    during 

^\j-  number 

-(—    though 

..„..   each 

_.^_   other 

-/-•    through 

'...:_.    either 

ought 

time 

V 

\ 

^     ever 

—}—    us 

"V"    few 

--X.--  our 
...x_  ours 

_i  —      Ugg    (yerl^ 

-]-   had 

d 

-~r^y.   ourselves 

—  ^-    value 

••N^-  happy 

\  —  out 

-A^--    view 

hear,  here      •     own 

£__    will  (iiouii) 

^ 

CONTRACTED    WORDS.                                    121 

CONTRACTED   WORDS. 
In  addition  to  the  word-signs  that  have  been  given, 
represented  by  the  alphabetic  signs,    simple  and  com- 
pound, a  list  of  contracted  words  is  given  below.     These 
,    are  abbreviated  by  giving    the  more    prominent  conso- 
nants that  would  be  employed  in  writing  the  word   in 

full.     Words  having  a  *  affixed  are  written  above  the 

line. 

S  acknowledge 

v\    indispensable 

s  acknowledged 

s*^-   individual* 

because* 

^-5  influence* 

|,  doctrine 

—  ts  influential* 

)   especial-ly 

\j  instruction 

\ 

..    o 

f   interest 

^  expensive 

~\/  extraordinary 

\__  irregular 

—  ft 

^/  knowledge 

I     extravagant 

^-^^—^ma  n  uscript 

V^/   forward 

^~^  myself* 

*'      highly* 

*y  natural 

^~o   himself 

\^  never 

—  \  imperfect 

^^  nevertheless 

—  .>}  imperfection 

v  v  new 

"""k  importance* 

^<?  next 

t 

'^^\.  impracticable 

^~^  notwithstanding 

N—  j    inconsistent 

v  ^now 

LI 


122 


MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


\ peculiarity 

^  Phonetic  Society 

Phonographer 
NJ —  Phonographic 


V    several 
^  something 

Spelling  Keform 

X. 
surprise 

d — \  transcript 

transgress 
understand 
understood 
universal 
United  States 
whenever 
whensoever 
wherever 
wheresoever 


regular 
/  \  represent 
represented 
representation 
'\      republic 

.^x    respect 
/^  responsible 
— j-  satisfaction 


In  the  complete  reporting  style,  the  list  of  contracted 
words  is  considerably  extended ;  but,  like  the  above, 
they  are  all  very  suggestive  to  the  reflective  student, 
and  when  met  with  in  correspondence  or  elsewhere, 
there  will  seldom  be  any  diificulty  in  determining  what 
they  are.  The  Reporter's  Manual,  advertised  at  the 
close  of  this  book,  contains  complete  lists  of  word- 
signs,  contracted  words,  phraseography,  &c.,  the  study 
of  which  will  be  essential  to  verbatim  reporting,  but 
unnecessary  for  ordinary  purposes  of  writing. 


PHBA8EOGRAPHT, 

123 

PHBASEOORAPHT. 

144.     Phraseography  consists  in  writing  two  or 

more 

word-signs  together,  without  lifting  the  pen  ;  and 

in  the 

reporting  style,  it  is  extended  to  the  writing  of 

word- 

signs  with  words  written  in  full,  but  not  vocalized. 

Thc 

first  sign  in  a  phrase  should  be  written  in  its  natural 

position,  Avhile  those  that  follow  take  any  position  that 

most  facilitates  the  writing. 

/        all  which 

\       be  able  to 

"     **"'  any  thing 

-v       could  be 

~~^>       are  not 

could  not  be 

\^      as  far 

1 

j      do  not 

< 

x.        as  far  as 

\a    for  instance 
d 

o-o      as  good  as 

S\  hc  has  been 

<T^      as  great  as 

V        if  there  is 

! 

?)          as  it  has  been 
Q_5>      as  soon  as 

^*v    have  been 
1  am 

Qo       as  soon  as  possible 

* 

b           as  well  as 

I  am  not 
1    I  do 

<K—  vat  the  same  time 

j     I  do  not 

I     124                        MANUAL   OP   I 

HONOGRAPHY. 

r      I  do  not  think 

I  will  not 

u      I  did  not 

<^{^    may  as  well 

v^  1  have 

y~-x      may  be 

v.   I  have  been 

s~~\    must  be 

-\_  I  have  done 

/~*      must  have 

AO    I  have  not 

'~~£K->  must  not 

^-   if  it 

^<      no  doubt 

^    if  it  had  not 

\  —  °    of  course 

S:    if  it  were 

^    on  account  of 

/     in  such 

L       ought  to  be 

*-    is  it  not 

xv       should  be 

o     it  is 

xi        should  have 

h^  it  is  not 

should  not 

b     it  would 

d.       so  as  to 

S    it  would  be 

er-»   such  as  can 

-^  I  will 

^        that  is 

PIIRASEOGUAPHY. 


125 


\/  there  are 
y*  there  are  not 
7_-    there  would  not 

l,v      there  would  not  have 
^^      been 

C      think  that 
v)      this  is 
\    to  be 

^       to  do 
^        to  have 
/vy      you  should  be 
rf~~    you  will 
//'X  you  will  be  able  to 
r^>      you  will  not 
\_     we  have 
V— ,  we  have  not 

we  have  not  had 


we  were 
when  there  is 

whether  or  not 
which  would 
which  would  not  be 
which  it  would  be 

<        which  it  would  have 
^-v        been 

P       will  not 
'  N      will  not  be 

(        without  doubt 

/       with  which 
'       with  which  it 
o^    with  which  it  is  not 

A^  who  are 

^      would  be 

would  not  be 


126  MANUAL    OP    PHONOGRAPHY. 

A  word  of  caution  is  necessary  against  a  too  extensive 
use  of  phraseography  ;  it  should  never  be  allowed  to 
destroy  the  lineality  of  the  writing,  nor  make  difficult 
joinings.  In  either  case,  time  will  be  saved  by  remov- 
ing the  pen  from  the  paper,  and  commencing  afresh. 

In  phraseography,  the,  or  some  other  unimportant 
word,  is  occasionally  omitted;  as,  N — «/  in  the  world; 
Vo  for  the  sake  of.  The  connective  word  and  is 
sometimes  written  in  connection  with  the  following 
word,  where  it  may  be  represented  by  a  small  horizontal 
stroke;  _,  and  the,  -,  and  which. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  XXXVII. 

NOTE. — In  the  following  exercise  instead  of  repeating  the  initial  wordu 
of  phrases  every  time  they  are  to  be  written,  they  are  indicated  by  dashes; 
and  the  other  words  forming  a  phrase  are  connected  by  hyphens. 

01.     01-hiz,  (01-z)  —  iz  lost,  —  hwiq,  —  dis,  —  dut-iz-sed, 

—  men,  —  da_r,  —  suq-tinz,  —  important. 

Ov.     Ov-it,    —  hwicj,    —  sue,, az-qr,    —  me,  (mj,) 

—  mjn,  (men,)   —  dqr,    —  impertans,   —  biz,   — advcintaj, 

—  dis  kjnd,  —  dat,  —  dem,  —  kors. 

On.     On-el, sue,,  '• —  aksnt-ov,  —  mj,  —  us,  —  her, 

—  dqr,  —  hiz, sjd. 

Tu.     Tu-it,  —   do>,  —  be,   —  hav, bin, dun, 

—  sum-ekstent,  —  luv,  —  him,  —  dat,  —  meni. 

Ho:.  Ha)-iz-dis,  —  wud, not,  —  ma, not, 

(mairr,)  —  kan,  —  r.o,  —  qr, not,  (qrn't.) 

Xuul.  Xti'l-be,  —  not-be,  —  hav,  —  do>,  — 'not-hav-sed, 
tirjk-dat. 

'J.  i-ani,  —  ma,  —  am  not,  or  ma-not,  —  do>,  (had,) 

not,  (don't,  hadn't)  —  hav, not,  (\vid  huk,) bin, 

—  kan-not,  —  \vil,  —  tirjk,  —  Jal,  —  never,   —   ned, 

not-.sa,  —  bop,  —  fer,  —  beg,  —  ain-veri-sori-inded,  —  bop- 
y<D-  \vil-riot-hav-rezn-tia-regret,  —  h:tv-no-dst. 

Hs.     Hs-kud,  —  kan,  —  iz  dis,  —  meni,  —   ma,  —  so- 
ever, m  m         m 
Y(0.     Yd)-Jud, not,  —  kud,  —  kan,  —  ycD-ma,  —  wil, 

—  qr,  (;•  up-strokc) not,  (qrn-t,)  —  mist, be.serten. 


EXERCISE    ON    PIIRASEOORAPHY.  127 

We.     We-wer,   —  do),  —  did,  —  hav, sen,  —  tigk, 

—  we  Jal.  —  qr,  (r  np-stroke,) not,  —  find. 

Wich  Wid-it,  —  hwiq,  —  dis,  —  dat,  —  dem,  —  hwiq-ya.- 
qr-ak  wanted,  —  suq-az-qr.  m 

Wf>r.  Wer-da,  —  we,  —  dat.  Hw^r-iz,  (hwaj'z)  (?•  up- 
stroke.) 

Hwot.  Hwot-iz,  —  wer,  — wud,  —  dot),  —  if,  —  qr,  — 
kud-be, posibli. 

Wiul.  WuJ-yu),  —  be,  —  do>,  —  hav,  —  not,  —  not-hav- 
sed. 

]!.  Be-sed,  —  abl-tu.  Bj-dis,  —  me,  —  meni,  —  sum- 
menz,  —  everi-menz,  —  sum-personz,  —  <3a,r. 

T.  It-iz, not, sod, sa>n,  (the  last  two 

with  a  double  circle,) m^  —  ma,  —  kan,  —  kud,  — 

•wu<l.  0t-tu-be.  At-suq,  —  prezent,  —  de-sam-tim. 

D.  Dcn-da,  —  not,  (  don't,) dst. 

G.     Hwiq-wud,  —  had,  —  kud,  —  kan,  —  haz, bin, 

—  iz-not,  —  qr, not,  —  ma,  —  m^t,  —  \vil,  (q-1.)    Hwiq. 

it-iz,  —  —  ma, wud, kud-not-hav. 

F.  K-dat,  —  yo>,  —  da.r,  (  double-f  above  the  line.)  Fer- 

suq, az-qr,  —  hwiq,  —  sum-tini,  —  dqr,  (double-t'  on  the 

line.)  If-it-wer, be, iz, had. 

Y.  IJav-yo),  —  bin,  —  had,  —  sed.  Veri-gud,  —  grat,  — 
sam,  —  serten,  —  wel,  —  soon,  —  muq.  Everi-pqrt,  —  wun, 

—  ]>erson,  —  man. 

11.     Jiink-dat,  —  yfl)-qr, wil, ma. 

<I.     W^vt-dvt,  — hwiq,  — suq.      tlat-it, iz, 

haz-bin, woz.  — qr, not,   — iz-not, tu-be, 

—  haz,  —  hwiq.    cla-wer,  —  dco,  —  had,  —  hav,  —  ma.    tlis- 

tim,  —  da,   —  advantaj.     cla,r-wud,  —  kan,  —  kud, 

not-hav-bin,  —  iz,  (haz,)  —  Jal,  —  wil,  —  qr, sum-per- 
son z,  —  ma. 

S.  So-az, tu,  —  it-semz,  —  veri,  —  lit!,  —  muq,  — 

meni.  Suq-wud,  —  iz,  —  az, qr, ma, kan, 

kud, hav, \voz,  —  —  wil. 

Z.  Iz-it, not.  Az-it, wud, woz, 

ma, haz.  Az-gud, az,  —  ^rat,  —  —  az,  —  fqr, 

az,  —  wel,  —  meni,  —  so>n-az.  Iz-not;  haz-not. 

X     X;il-be,  —  hav,  —  doo,  —  find,  —  not. 

L.     Wil,  —  not,  —  be,  —  hav,  —  fjnd. 

E.  Rr-yo),   —  sumtimz,  —  sori,  —  not;  —  yoo  qr  veri,  — 

—  tro>li. 

M.     Ma-be,  —  hav,  —  da,  —  az-wel,  —  konsider.    Mit-hav, 

—  dis,  —  sem.     Must-be,  —  tri,  —  do>,  —  kum,  —  go,  —  se, 


128  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

—  not.       Most-hapi,  ( mos'-hapi,)    —  likli,    -  -  important. 
Meni-tjmz,  —  tigz,  —  mor,  —  ov-dem. 

N.  In-el,  —  konsekwens,  —  fakt,  —  dis,  —  suq,  —  meni- 
tigz,  —  hiz.  Eni-wun,  —  tig,  —  bodi.  No-pqrt,  —  dst,  — 

rezn,  —  mor, tjm,  —  wun,  —  tig,  (in  full.)     Ns-ser. 

Not,  —  be,  —  kwjt,  —  dat,  —  in,  —  onli,  —  n^,  —  non;  ned- 
not.    Ner-wer,  —  iz-dis,  —  q,r. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  XXXV. 

(In  pbraseography,  and  containing  all  the  word-signs.) 

ON  IMPRQVMENT. 

The  following,  in  the  construction  of  sentences,  for  the  employment  of 
all  the  word  signs,  was  furnished  for  the  early  edition  of  Phonography 
by  the  Rev.  John  Hope,  an  English  clergyman.  It  should  be  written  and 
re-written,  until  every  word  can  be  put  upon  paper  without  hesitation. 
The  words  connected  by  hyphens  should  be  written  as  phrases,  without 
lifting  the  pen. 

Establijments  fer-imprcovment  and  fer  nolej  in-jeneral,  qr 
important  tigz  in  a  kigdom;  and  de  mor  so  hwaj  it-iz  yTigqal 
wid  dem  tu  aknolej  gud  prinsiplz.  d  Fonografik  establij- 
mentin  partikyujar,  iz  an  imediat  advantaj  tu  everi  jentlman 
or  cjjld,  ho>  iz  a  member  ov-it,  and  tu  el.  Akerdirj  tu  jeneral 
opinyon,  Fonografi  iz  a  subjekt  we  kud,  and  Jud  hav  ple^r 
in;  widst  it,  laggwaj  iz-not  kwjt  hwot-it-jud-be — a  remcyk  in- 
hwiq-dqr-iz  grat  tra>t,  and  tu-hwiq  j-tigk  dqr-kan-be  no  objek- 
Jon.  Agen,  everi  wun  hoo  haz  tets  hwiq-qr-der  tia-him,  er  im- 
pertant  tu-de  Avurld,  iz  keld  upon  tu  kqr  fer-dem  and  imprc&v 
dem,  tia-ds  fial,  hwen  he  haz  oportqriiti.  Hs,  er  on  hwot  prin- 
sipl  kan  we  be  giad  widst  improovment.  Remember  dat  everi- 
tig  iz  an  objekt  ov  impertans  dat  kumz  under  it;  and,  beyond 
el,  dat-de  Ju/  wurd  ov-de  Lord  God  woz  givn  for-improovment. 
2ud  dj^r-be  difikultiz  in-de-wa  ov-y<»r  improovment,  and  ov-de 
sub] ek Jon  ov-ycor  natyq,r  tu  Godz  tro>t,  den  j  kel  upon  yo>, 
hwjl  yco-kan  improav,  tu-doo-so.  Qfter  hwot  j-hav  told-yoo  Sqr- 
dqr  yet  objekjonz  tu  it.  Wer  da_r,  an  aksnt  ov-dem  wud  elredi 
hav-bin  givn.  Grat  and  gud  tigz  kan-not  kum  tugeder  Avidst 
improDvment.  But  Jud  j  be  told-dat  it  mjt  hav-bin  so,  from 
hwot  j  no  ov-de  jeneral  spirit  ov  el,  j  tel-yco  de  trcot  iz  az  j-hav 
givn  it,  ner  kan  ye  objekt  tu-it.  In  Jert,  jentlmen,  VCD  et  tu  es- 
tablij  it  az  yo>r  ferst  prinsipl,  dat-yco-wil-not-giv  up;  but  az  yo> 
hav  oportiiniti,  hwj  not  doo-el  dat  kan-be-dun  toardz  improDv- 
mentin  everi-tig  in-dis-wurld;  and  Jud  it-be-dun  wel,  ycn-wil 
giv  ple3n,r  not  tu  me  alon,  but  tu  el. 


AN    EXTENDED    ALPHABET. 


120 


LONG  TOWELS. 


9     earth,  E.;  \c,  F. 
a.,  e  fair,!?.;  frere  F. 
a     pate,  F. 
o     Konig,  G. 
eu   deux,  F. 
u     rue,  F. 


9 

10 
11 
12 


SHORT  VOWELS. 

i     ici,  F. 
k     ete,F. 

a, a  ask,  E.;  pat(c,jP. 
ii 
I    6     Bocke,  G. 

'I    o     bonne,  F. 
si    ii     Kiinste,  (7. 


NASAL  VOWELS. 

13  ^  in     fin,  F. 

14  <^>  en    en,  danse,.F. 


15 

1C 


un    brun, 
on    bon, 


17 
18 
19 

20 


CONSONANTS. 
ch  ichjG./ 
f_  gh  einig,  G. 
~     11    Llanelly,  TF. 
/*  r    amor,  /. 


In  tlie  introduction  to  this  work  (See  pp.  15,  16,  17.) 
it  -was  shown  that  an  accurate  analysis  of  the  English 
language  gave  forty-three  elementary  sounds,  including 
the  diphthongs  necessary  to  be  regarded  as  simple 
sounds;  and  in  the  writing  exercises  of  the  phonotypic 
edition  this  number  of  sounds  are  represented,  although, 
on  account  of  the  greater  simplicity  of  a  six-vowel  scale, 
three  vowels,  (e,  a.,  a,)  have  not  been  recognized  in  the 
phonographic  exercises. 


130  MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

For  the  benefit  of  such  as  may  wish  to  be  as  precise 
in  the  representation  of  correct  pronunciation  in  their 
writing  as  it  is  advisable  to  be  in  printing,  thraa  addi- 
tional signs  for  the  English  language  are.  provided  on 
the  preceding  page.  Suitable  signs  are  also  given  for 
the  additional  sounds  used  in  the  French  and  German, 
&c.,  which  will  enable  those  who  understand  these 
languages  to  employ  Phonography  in  writing  them. 

Nos.  1,  2,  and  9,  will  be  recognized  as  English  by  the 
words  earth,  air,  ask.  No.  6  is  so  near  the  close  Eng- 
lish diphthong  u  in  d?<pe,  that  it  may  be  used  for  that 
sound,  leaving  the  sign  n  for  the  combination  yil  or  ycti. 
No.  11  is  very  near  the  New  England  o  in  stone,  whole, 
&c.,  and  may  be  used  by  them  for  its  representation. 

The  French  nasal  sounds,  represented  by  in,  en,  em, 
an,  un,  on,  and  heard  in  vin,  No.  13;  temps,  No.  14;  tin, 
No.  15;  pont,  No.  16,  are  pure  vowels,  but  pronounced 
through  the  nose,  as  well  as  through  the  mouth.  Ttmps, 
for  instance,  contains  but  two  sounds,  namely,  t  and 
the  14th  nasal  vowel  (c,  d,  r,  s,  t,  when  terminating 
French  words,  are  generally  silent).  Enfant  contains 
but  three  sounds ;  namely,  the  consonant  /,  preceded 
and  followed  by  No.  14. 

The  Scotch  guttural  in  loch,  nicht,  etc.,  and  frequent, 
also,  in  German,  Welsh,  and  other  languages,  is  repre- 
sented by k,  with  a  wave  line  through  it.  The  vocal 

guttural,    as  in  seig,   is  represented   by  the  same    sign 
thickened. 

The  Welsh  LI,  which  is  the  whispered  form  of  the 
English  I  is  represented  by  /^~  with  a  wave  line  struck 
through  it.  This  sound  is  produced  by  placing  the 
tongue  in  the  position  for  uttering  the  English  ?,  but 
emitting  breath  instead  of  voice. 


DECLARATION    OF    IXDEPEXDEXCE. 


131 


at  |n&f|unhna 

(Passed    July  4th,    1776.) 


\ 
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•          S-TS     \  \ 


\s 


£_  V  /  V. 

•  vr^ 

A3  I 

^J  ( y  .  L 


V-1     '     X    V? 

1,  ^  '  x* 


*         • 

o       \^>  ^     b 


r  • 


132 


MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 


.      .-\ P    X 


N  -^v  </( 


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3- 


\  ,  ^x_P     .     \^  v/ 

/I      I    ^    I  °i-  "V 

4 1  9     b     /      I    ^    \  / 

(     x     Vl     )'^ 


,  . 


d' 


C  -I 


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4*  "., 


x 
X>* 


X 


DECLARATION    OF    IXDEl'EXDEXCE.  133 


,  c 


".o  j 


0         '• 


7*  "o  /V5  V.  .  C  1^  v  y°  J^5 


134 


MANUAL    OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 


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V    NO       51  /%  Vv 

£\  ^-F\y     <\  ..<\  r,'      •       j-         S 

s 

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DECLARATION    OF    INDEPENDENCE.  135 


V.  *?»•  l_6        )    < 


V      -P  9    "         V^v, 


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X    V_ 


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'  'S  "^  s  "^7  c  ^  .  v\. 


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VL. 


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136 


MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


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DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE.         137 


30  x  .\ 


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V  <  (  \  •  I* 

!  I   \* 
ii  i  >  v*> 


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No   ^'   X 


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138 


MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPIIV. 


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139  MAM  AL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


American  yfroiutic  gsscnation. 

President  —  BEXN  PITMAN,  Cincinnati,  0. 
Secretary  —  ELIAS  LOXGLEY,          " 
Treasurer  —  R.  P.  PROSSER,  "     . 

The  object  of  the  Association  is  the  union  and  cooperation  of  the 
friends  of  Phonetic  writing  and  printing  in  the  United  States  and  the 
Can:idas.  The  members  are  divided  into  the  following  classes:  —  • 

Class  1.  Phonographers  who  teach  the  arts  professionally  or  privately, 
who  can  not,  on  account  of  other  duties,  attend  to  the  gratuitous  correc- 
tion of  exercises  of  learners  through  the  post,  but  who  are  willing  to  an- 
swer letters  of  inquiry,  or  letters  of  Phonographers  soliciting  advice  or 
information  on  matters  connected  with  Phonography  or  Phonetics. 

Class  2.  Phonographers  who  generously  volunteer  to  correct  the  exer- 
cises of  learners,  through  the  post. 

Class  3.  Phonographers  who  do  their  utmost  to  spread  a  knowledge  of 
the  Phonetic  arts  in  private,  but  who  are  prevented  by  other  duties  from 
answering  letters,  or  attending  to  the  correction  of  exercises. 

Class  4.     Phoneticians  who  do  not  write  Phonography. 

Cl  I—  5.     Honorary  members. 

Phonographers  of  either  class  who  write  at  the  rate  of  100  or  more 
words  per  minute,  are  indicated,  in  the  list  of  members,  by  the  letter  R, 
(Reporter.) 

Phonograpbers  who  wish  to  cultivate  a  correspondence  with  members 
of  kindred  sentiments,  are  indicated  by  the  letter  C,  (Correspondent.) 

Conductors  of  and  contributors  to  Ever-Circulating  Magazines,  are  in- 
dicated by  the  letters  E  C,  (Ever-Cire-uIatcr.  ) 

Honorary  members  are  indicated  by  the  *. 

Phonographers  under  sixteen  years  of  age  are  indicated  by  the  letter 
J,  (Junior.) 

A  President,  Council  and  other  Officers  are  elected  annually  by  the 
members  of  the  Association. 

The  Council  consists  of  fifty  (inclusive  of  the  Officers,)  of  those  who 
are  regarded  as  the  most  intelligent,  earnest,  and  reliable  American  Pho- 
no^raphers  and  Phoneticians,  to  whom  are  submitted  all  matters  of 
theory  and  practice  on  which  an  intelligent  opinion  may  be  desired,  but 
on  which  the  opinions  of  Phonographers  might  be  divided. 

Persons  of  learning  and  distinction  who  favor  the  Phonetic  principle 
mav  become  Honorary  membirs  by  the  concurrence  of  any  six  members 
of  the  Council. 

Phonographers  in  the  United  States  and  the  Canadas,  and  writers  of 
Phonetic  longhand,  are  eligible  to  membership  on  making  a  written  ap- 
plication. Subscription  of  funds,  voluntary.  Membership  renewed 
annually. 

Persons  wishing  to  become  members  should  address  the  Secretary, 
stating  occupation  or  profession,  and  naming  tho  Class  in  which  they 
wish  to  be  enrolled. 

|3F~The  Constitution  and  Annual  List  of  Members,  in  pamphlet  ^orm, 
may  be  obtained  by  addressing  the  Secretary  and  enclosing  lOcts. 


Or,  Phonetic  Short-Hand. 


Writing  is  a  necessity  of  modern  civilization,  and  it  is  therefore  desira- 
ble to  possess  the  best  and  speediest  means  of  committing  thought  to  paper. 
Phonography  provides  that  means,  for  by  it  words  may  be  committed  to 
paper  as  rapidly  as  they  are  spoken. 

If  you  would  secure  the  subtile  thoughts  that  flow  into  your  own  mind, 
or  that  yon  feel  worth  preserving  while  listening  to  the  spoken  thoughts  of 
others,  learn  Phonography. 

If  yon  are  a  I'hysician,  and  would  preserve  a  record  of  your'cases,  so  that 
from  your  accumulated  experience  you  may  help  to  evolve  the  laws  of  health 
and  disease,  learn  Phonography. 

If  you  are  a  Minister,  and  would  sa\e  five-sixths  of  the  time  yon  at 
present  employ  in  writing  your  notes,  or  elaborating  your  sermons  in  full, 
learn  Phonography. 

If  you  are  a  Lawyer,  and  would  secure  the  fleeting  testimony  on  which 
may  depend  the  fortune,  life,  or  honor  of  your  client,  learn  Phonography. 

If  you  are  a  Student,  and  would  fully  benefit  by  the  oral  instruction  of 
your  professors  and  teachers,  learn  Phonography. 

If  you  are  desirous  of  qualifying  yourself  for  tli«  nsefnl  and  honorable 
profession  of  a  Beporter — should  your  education  and  abilities  in  other  re- 
spects warrant  such  a  determination— learn  Phonography,  for  it  is  not 
only  a  lucrative  calling,  but  to  young  men  of  talent  it  is  one  of  the  most 
certain  stepping-stones  to  a  position  of  honor  and  emolument. 

Said  the  Hon  Thomas  Benton  :  "  Had  this  art  been  known  forty  years 
ago,  it  would  have  saved  me  twenty  years  of  hard  labor." 

"  The  more  I  practice,  the  more  I  like  this  beantifnl  art,  *  *  *  *  I 
write  it  faster  than  I  can  long-hand,  anJ  it  is  not  quite  a  month  since  1  re- 
ceived my  books  and  first  set  phonographic  pen  to  paper." 

"I  find  Phonography  a  great  service  to  me.  I  nse  it  for  all  my  pulpit 
notes,  and  writing  them  in  a  bold  style,  and  on  every  other  line,  I  have  not 
the  least  difficulty  in  reading  them  at  a  glance." — Jiee.  E.  11.  Waring,  M.  E. 
Cl.urcli. 

"  I  can  write  in  four  hours  a  discourse  that  would  otherwise  occupy  the 
whole  working  day  ;  and  I  can  then  read  and  memorize  it  in  less  time,  and 
with  far  more  ease,  than  if  it  were  written  in  the  ordinary  way.  I  love  it 
for  its  beauty,  its  philosophy,  and  its  eminent  practical  utility.  It  has 
given  me  a  clearer  insight  into  the  structure  of  the  English  language,  and 
made  me  more  exact  in  my  pronunciation." — Rev.  T.  H.  Bereridge,  Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 

THE  AMERICAN  MANUAL  OF  PHONOGRAPHY, 

Adapted  to  the  use  of  pupils   without  a  teacher,  may  be  obtained  by  en- 
closing $1.00  to  the  author, 

ELIAS  LONGLEY, 

Daily  Times   Office,    Cincinnati,  O. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

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This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


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